Blood

Question 1

List 4 functions of blood

Answer 1

1. Transport gases, nutrients, and waste products
2. Transport of processed molecules
3. Transport of regulatory molecules
4. Regulation of pH and osmosis
5. Maintenance of body temperature
6. Protection against foreign substances
7. Clot formation

Question 2

What is the blood plasma composed of?

Answer 2

• proteins - albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
• solutes - electrolytes, bicarbonate ions
• macro and micronutrients
• waste products

Question 3

What are the formed elements in the blood?

Answer 3

• red blood cells (majority)
• platelets (help with clotting)
• white blood cells (minority)

Question 4

Describe albumins

Answer 4

• make up 58% of blood plasma
• carry molecules, fats, bilirubin, thyroid hormones
• maintains osmotic pressure

Question 5

Describe globulins

Answer 5

• make up 38% of blood plasma
• make up large amount of antibodies in blood
• transporting molecules

Question 6

Describe fibrinogen

Answer 6

• makes up 4% of blood plasma

- has a role in clotting

Question 7

What are the function of red blood cells?

Answer 7

• carry O2, CO2, H via hemoglobin
• contains carbonic anhydrase enzyme
  
  • convert CO2 and H2O into bicarbonate ions
  • buffers pH changes

Question 8

What are red blood cells made up of?

Answer 8

• 1/3 is hemoglobin

- 2/3 is lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase

Question 9

Describe the two types of white blood cells

Answer 9

Granulocyte: large granules, multilobed nucleus, 3 types

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

Agranulocytes: smaller granulose, nucleus not lobed, 2 types

• lymphocyte
• monocyte

Question 10

What is hematopoiesis

Answer 10

Process of cell production

Question 11

What are the stem cells in red bone marrow and what do they become?

Answer 11

• proerythroblast -> red blood cell
• myeloblas -> granulocytes
• lymphoblast -> lymphocyte
• monoblasts -> monocyte
• megakaryoblast -> platelets

Question 12

What is hemoglobin made of?

Answer 12

• 4 globin molecules (polypeptide chains)
• 4 heme molecules
• globin either alpha or beta
• each heme contains one iron

Question 13

List the 3 steps involved in red blood cell recycling

Answer 13

1. Natural degradation after 120 days
   - broken down by macrophages
2. Separation of components
   - globin -> broken into amino acids
   - heme -> iron removed -> stored in liver or recycled
3. Iron free heme portion converted to pigment
   - ain’t no way we gotta memorize why our shit is brown smh

Question 14

Describe the function of white blood cells and how they move around the body

Answer 14

Function: protect body - nucleated and no heme

Movements:

• ameboid movement - create arm extension and wrap around debris
• diapedesis - thins itself and move between epithelial cells of capillaries

Question 15

Describe neutrophils

Answer 15

• 60-70% of white blood cells (majority)
• lobed nucleus
• short life - constantly produced
• first line of defence - engulf and phagocytize bacteria

Question 16

Describe basophils

Answer 16

• 0.5-1% of white blood cells
• inflammatory response - produce histamine and vasodilation occurs and bronchial construction
• produce heparin - inhibit blood clotting

Question 17

Describe lymphocytes

Answer 17

• 20-25% of white blood cells
• agranulocytes
• produced in red bone marrow - proliferate in lymphatic tissue
• produce antibodies, destroy viruses and tumor cells

Question 18

Describe monocytes

Answer 18

• 3-8% of white blood cells
• largest cell
• become macrophages (phagocytize bacteria)

Question 19

What are platelets and what is their function

Answer 19

• fragments of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

- prevent blood loss

Question 20

Describe elastic blood vessels

Answer 20

• close to heart, great vessels of body (aorta and pulmonary trunk)
• large diameter, lots of elastic fibers, thick elastic membrane in tunica media
• pressure reservoirs - elastic walls recoil and push blood

Question 21

Describe muscular blood vessels

Answer 21

• thick smooth muscle walls
• involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation (maintain bp)
• elastic muscle layer less significant

Question 22

Describe arterioles

Answer 22

• smallest artery level - dictate amount of blood that enters capillary
• can change diameter (smooth muscle exterior)
• metarteriole - terminal end
• 1-2 layer of smooth muscle

Question 23

Describe capillaries

Answer 23

• site of gas exchange

- found in lungs and body tissues

Question 24

Describe veins/venules

Answer 24

• less elastic and smooth fibers - ensure one way blood flow
• cannot vasodilate or vasoconstrict
• veins have bigger diameter but artery have thicker wall

Question 25

Describe the 3 layers of blood vessels

Answer 25

Tunica Interna - inner layer made of simple squamous epithelium - internal elastic membrane in arteries (not veins) Tunica Media - middle layer made of smooth muscle and elastic fibres - 25-40 layer (artery) & 1-2 layer (veins) Tunica adventitia - outer layer connect blood vessel to tissue - collagen and elastic fibres

Question 26

Describe the 3 types of capillaries

Answer 26

1. Continuous capillaries - no gabs between endothelial cells - less permeable - skeletal muscle and nervous tissue 2. Fenestrated capillaries - holes between cells create pores - absorb larger particles - some region have thin porous diaphragm 3. Sinusoids capillaries - large diameter and large fenestrae - allow large molecules into blood (hormones)

Question 27

Describe pulmonary circulation (including pulmonary trunk + veins)

Answer 27

- brings blood from right side of heart to lungs to left side of heart - pulmonary trunk made of left and right pulmonary arteries - pulmonary veins exit lung and enter left atrium

Question 28

Describe systemic circulation (artery)

Answer 28

- aorta leaves ventricle - has 3 parts - ascending aorta - aortic arch - descending aorta

Question 29

Brachiocephalic artery (trunk)

Answer 29

Serves right side of head, neck, upper limb

Question 30

Right common carotid artery

Answer 30

- serves side of head and neck

Question 31

External carotid artery

Answer 31

- serves face bone and skin

Question 32

Right internal carotid artery

Answer 32

Structures inside the skin (brain+eyes)

Question 33

Subclavien artery (and name changes)

Answer 33

Serves upper arm region - auxiliary as enters armpit - brachial as enters bicep region

Question 34

Right vertebral artery

Answer 34

Branch of subclavien - serves cerebellum and brainstorm

Question 35

Thoracic aorta

Answer 35

Serves cavity of thoracic region including muscle and conducting tubes into lungs

Question 36

Abdominal aorta

Answer 36

Once passes through diaphragm branches into - common hepatic - liver - right and left renal arteries - kidneys

Question 37

Left and right common iliac arteries

Answer 37

Lower limbs

Question 38

Internal iliac artery

Answer 38

Structures in pelvic region - reproductive organs, uterus, prostate

Question 39

External iliac artery

Answer 39

- continues into lower limbs - becomes femoral artery - serves structures part of thigh

Question 40

Systemic Circulation (veins)

Answer 40

Returns blood from body to right atrium - 3 openings - coronary sinus - drains coronary circulation - superior vena cava - drains upper limbs - inferior vena cave - drains lower limbs

Question 41

What are the 3 groups of veins

Answer 41

- superficial - can be seen beneath skin - deep - run along arteries - sinuses

Question 42

What are all deep veins paired with?

Answer 42

Arteries | - two arteries run by each other vein runs between

Question 43

List all branches of left brachiocephalic branch and where they drain blood from

Answer 43

Internal jugular - drains structures in cranial cavity - leads to sinus External jugular - drains muscles, bones, skin in face

Question 44

Right subclavien (vein)

Answer 44

From brachiocephalic - drains upper portion of upper limbs

Question 45

Right auxiliary (vein)

Answer 45

From brachiocephalic | - drains upper limbs

Question 46

Hemiazygos (vein)

Answer 46

Drains blood from thoracic cavity into azygous vein

Question 47

Hepatic vein & hepatic portal vein

Answer 47

Hepatic - drain blood from liver | Hepatic portal - carry blood from digestive system to liver

Question 48

Renal veins

Answer 48

Drain blood from kidney

Question 49

Common iliac vein (internal and external)

Answer 49

Internal - drain structure in pelvic region External - become femoral vein - drain lower limbs

Question 50

Great saphenous vein

Answer 50

- superficial - drains from lower limb - longest vein in body - portions cut during surgery to help bypass blockages

Question 51

Where in body does blood pressure begin to drop?

Answer 51

Arterioles - pressure decreased significantly as enter capillaries Pressure in veins, venules, vena cava very low - initial pressure gone by then

Question 52

Formula for Mean arterial blood pressure

Answer 52

1/3(SBP-DBP) + DBP

Question 53

Laminar Flow & Turbulent Flow

Answer 53

Flow straight through blood vessel - blood cells in middle move fastest and cells on outside little slower Blood moves in non-streamlined fashion - through constricted area or sharp turn

Question 54

What are factors that effect resistance in the blood

Answer 54

- thick blood increase resistance (increased cellular component) - vasoconstriction significantly increase resistance - vasodilation significantly decrease resistance