blood

Question 1

what is blood composed of?

Answer 1

plasma and cellular (formed) elements

Question 2

what is blood centrifuged to be?

Answer 2

RBCs, buffy coat, plasma

Question 3

what is the plasma consisted of?

Answer 3

water, ions (electrolytes), organic molecules, trace elements, gases

Question 4

what are organic molecules within plasma consisted of?

Answer 4

amino acids, proteins, glucose, lipids, nitrogenous waste

Question 5

what are proteins within organic molecules consisted of?

Answer 5

albumins (carriers)
globulins (clotting factors, carrier)
fibrinogen (essential to blood clotting)
transferrin (iron transport)

Question 6

what are cellular elements consisted of?

Answer 6

RBCs, leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 7

what do RBCs do?

Answer 7

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 8

what do the white blood cells consist of?

Answer 8

lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, eosinophils

Question 9

what are platelets essential for?

Answer 9

for blood clotting

Question 10

what is hematopoiesis?

Answer 10

producing blood cells

Question 11

what are the 3 types of hematopoiesis?

Answer 11

erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, leukopoesis

Question 12

what happens during erythropoiesis?

Answer 12

producing red blood cells by using EPO (erythropoietin) to stimulate red bone marrow in kidney cells.
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell –> uncommitted stem cell –> committed progenitor stem cell –> erythroblast –> reticulate –> erythrocyte

Question 13

what happens during thrombopoiesis?

Answer 13

platelets are made by using TPO (thrombopoietin) to stimulate red bone marrow in liver cells.
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell –> uncommitted stem cell –> committed progenitor stem cell –> megakaryocytes –> platelets

Question 14

what happens during leukopoiesis?

Answer 14

making white blood cells by using colony-stimulating factors by stimulating red bone marrow in blood cells in the endothelium and fibroblasts of bone marrow.
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell –> uncommitted stem cell –> committed progenitor stem cell –> all white blood cells
*Exception: lymphocytes skip committed and uncommitted cells

Question 15

what is differential white cell count?

Answer 15

the % of different types of white blood cells, to indicate infections, etc.

Question 16

what is hematocrit?

Answer 16

% of red blood cells in circulation in total blood volume

Question 17

what are normal hematocrit values?

Answer 17

female: 37-47%
male: 40-54%

Question 18

how long do RBCs last in circulation?

Answer 18

120 days or 4 months

Question 19

T/F: RBCs use anaerobic respiration

Answer 19

true

Question 20

what is MCV?

Answer 20

Mean cell volume of RBCs;
its 80-96 fL (femtoliter)

Question 21

what does hemoglobin carry in the blood?

Answer 21

O2 (carried and binds to it)

Question 22

what is hemoglobin made of?

Answer 22

it is a protein made of 4 polypeptide groups, which are made of Heme groups in each one.

Question 23

what is a heme group?

Answer 23

it has an iron Fe molecule that binds to the O2, which makes the hemoglobin a bright red color

Question 24

quick summary of hemoglobin synthesis

Answer 24

Fe from diet goes into the small intestine and is transported into the blood plasma through transferrin.
Fe binds to Heme and makes a hemoglobin to make RBC.
RBC circulates for 120 days and gets destroyed in the spleen and turned into bilirubin.
Bilirubin goes to the kidney and gets excreted as urine and then some goes to the liver. Liver makes it into bile and is excreted out. Other is stores as Fe as ferritin.

Question 25

what are different causes of anemia?

Answer 25

- Blood loss - Hemolytic anemia (cells rupture at a high rate, which can be caused by hypotonic conditions) - Abnormal hemoglobin (ex sickle cell anemia) - Parasitic infection - Aplastic anemia (when red bone marrow isn't producing any blood cells at all caused by drugs or radiation) - Iron deficiency (iron is required for heme production) - Folic acid deficiency (it is required for DNA synthesis; so when pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells go to uncommitted, etc) - vitamin b12 deficiency (required for DNA synthesis) - Inadequate production of EPO (can be caused by kidney or renal problems)

Question 26

what is hemostasis?

Answer 26

blood clotting mechanism

Question 27

what is the process of hemostasis?

Answer 27

1. vasoconstriction 2. platelet activation: a. exposed collagen binds and activates platelets b. release of platelet factors - serotonin released; it is a vasoconstrictor - ADP released - platelet-activating factor (PAF) is released, which activates more platelets, and produces thromboxane A2 c. factors attract more platelets d. platelets aggregate into a platelet plug (soft plug) 3. Coagulation cascade: a. intrinsic pathway b. extrinsic pathway 4. fibrinolysis

Question 28

what is the process of making thromboxane A2?

Answer 28

Membrane phospholipids --> Arachnoid acid --> Prostaglandin H2 (using enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX1)) --> thromboxane A2 (using enzyme thromboxane synthase)

Question 29

what is thromboxane A2?

Answer 29

it is a vasoconstrictor that increases platelet aggregation

Question 30

what is a coagulation cascade?

Answer 30

formation of solid clot with two pathways; intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 31

what is the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 31

- collaged exposed - activates clotting factor 12 - activates clotting factor 10

Question 32

what is the extrinsic pathway?

Answer 32

- damage to tissue - activates clotting factor 10

Question 33

when the two pathways merge, what happens?

Answer 33

- clotting factor 10 activates - prothrombin is converted into thrombin - fibrinogen is converted into fibrin -ca2+ is used to get the final. product, cross-linked fibrin polymer

Question 34

what is fibrinolysis?

Answer 34

breaking down (dissolution) of a blood clot with the enzyme plasmin

Question 35

what happens during fibrinolysis?

Answer 35

- fibrinogen becomes fibrin fragments - plasminogen used TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) to become plasmin

Question 36

what are two ways we prevent clots in healthy blood vessels?

Answer 36

1. endothelium secreting prostacyclin 2. anticoagulants

Question 37

what happens in healthy blood vessel's endothelium?

Answer 37

endothelial cells secrete prostacyclin and nitric oxide; which are both vasodilators

Question 38

how do we produce prostacyclin?

Answer 38

Membrane phospholipids --> Arachnoid acid --> Prostaglandin H2 (using enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX2)) --> prostacyclin (using enzyme prostacyclin synthase)

Question 39

what does prostacyclin do?

Answer 39

it is a vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation

Question 40

what are anticoagulants?

Answer 40

they prevent blood clotting

Question 41

what are examples of anticoagulants?

Answer 41

heparin, antithrombin 3, protein c, vitamin D, aspirin

Question 42

what is hemophilia?

Answer 42

a genetic problem that is a defective or lacking clotting factors 7, 8, or 9

Question 43

is hemophilia curable? what chromosome is it carried on?

Answer 43

no it is not, it is carried on the x chromosome