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circ-histology and embryology > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

cells and derivatives of blood

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

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2
Q

blood composition

A

45 % cell
55 % plasma

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3
Q

plasma vs. serum

A

plasma: has fibrinogen (coagulation is inhibited)
serum: lacks fibrinogen (coagulated blood)

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4
Q

hematocrit

A

volume of RBC in blood

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5
Q

main plasma proteins

A

albumin
globulin
fibrinogen

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6
Q

albumin

A

has huge osmotic pressure –> major, smallest plasma protein
produced in liver

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7
Q

globulin

A

immunoglobulins:
-antibodies
-plasma cells secrete them
nonimmune globulins:
-secreted by liver
-carrier substances

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8
Q

____ carries Cu
____ carries Fe
____ carries O2, CO2

A

ceruloplasmin carries Cu
transferrin carries Fe
hemoglobin carries O2, CO2

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9
Q

fibrinogen

A

largest plasma protein
produced in liver
fibrinogen –> fibrin

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10
Q

to prevent clotting, ____ can be used.

A

citrate, heparin, EDTA

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11
Q

blood examination is done with ____ to produce single layer of cells

A

blood smear

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12
Q

to examine blood which stains are used?

A

Giemsa
Wright’s

not H&E

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13
Q

eryhtrocytes have ____ shape, they ____ nucleus, their diameter is ____, stain ______

A

bioconcave disc
lack
7-8 µm
uniformly with eosin : center is pale due to its shape

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14
Q

stacked RBCs are called

A

Rouleaux formation

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15
Q

integral membrane proteins of RBC

A

glycophorins
Band 3

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16
Q

function of glycophorins in RBC

A

attach cytoskeletal elements to cell membrane
form blood group antigens

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17
Q

Band 3

A

anion transporter : faciliate exchange for CO2
binds to Hb

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18
Q

in RBC, peripheral membrane proteins form a ______

A

inner hexagonal lattice

spectrin, actin, adducin, band 4.1, band 4.9

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19
Q

hereditary spherocytosis

A

alteration of spectrin
spheric RBC
destroyed by macrophages in spleen –> causing hemolytic anemia

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20
Q

Rh incompatability causes ____ which can lead to ____.
It occurs when ____ newborn and ____ mother because ____ can pass through placenta.

A

erythroblastosis fetalis –> hydropsy fetalis
Rh+ newborn, Rh- mother
IgG

21
Q

____ type hemoglobin binds irreversibly to glucose and is also called ____.

A

HbA1c
glycosylated Hb

22
Q

in fetus HbF is composed of ____, in adults HbA is composed of _____

A

HbF –> 2a, 2g
HbA–> 2a, 2B

23
Q

leukocytes are divided primarly based on their ____, however all have ______

A

specific granules: Granulocytes/Agranulocytes
azurophilic granules

24
Q

In blood, most common leukocytes is ____ and least common leukocyte is ____

A

neutrophil
basophil

25
Q

neutrophils have ____ nucleus.

A

multilobar / polymorphonuclear
barr body present : heterochromatin X in females

26
Q

azurophilic granules

A

large lysosomes specific to leukocytes
myeloperoxidase, acid hydrolase, defensins

27
Q

2ndary and tertiary granules of neutrophil

A

2ndary:
-complement activator
-antimicrobial peptide
3ary (digesting the tissue):
-phosphatase
-metalloproteins

28
Q

neutrophils are motile:
1- endothelial cells secrete ____ which are recognized by ____
2-neutrophils adhere to surfaace by ____
3-transendothelial migration occurs by ____
4-neutrophil comes to area and secretes ____

A

1- selectin, Sialyl Lewis carbohydrates
2- ICAM-1 (integrin)
3-diapedesis
4- IL-8

29
Q

Eosinophil has ____ nucleus, it functions in ____

A

bilobar
allergic rxns, parasitic infection

30
Q

Eosinophilic granules contain

A

Major Basic Protein (MBP)
eosinophil cationic protein
eosinophil peroxidase
eosinophil derived neurotoxin
histaminase, aryl sulfatase, collagenase, cathepsin

31
Q

Mast cell degranulation in allergic reaction causes

pathophysiology

A

bronchoconstriction
edema
hypersecretion of mucous by goblet cells

32
Q

Basophil granules contain

A

heparin: anticoagulant
histamine, heparane sulfate: vasoactive
leukotriene: bronchoconstrictive
IL3, IL4: synthesis of IgE

33
Q

Basophil nucleus is ____ , it functions in ____.

A

obscured by large basophilic granules
hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis

34
Q

____ main functional cells of immune system

A

Lymphocyte

35
Q

lymphocytes are ____ cells: recognize and respond to antigens

A

immunocompetent

36
Q

type of lymphocytes

A

T-cell
B-cell
NK cell

37
Q

histologic feautures of lymphocytes

A

same size as RBC
round and very large nucleus
thin, cytoplasmic rim

38
Q

monocytes are precursor of ____ , they differentiate into ____

A

mononuclear phagocytic system
macrophages

39
Q

monocytes and macrophages have ____ nucleus

A

kidney/bean shaped

40
Q

platelets

A

small
membrane bounded
cytoplasmic fragments
anucleated

41
Q

platelets are derived from ____, where each platelet is seperated by ____

A

megakaryocytes
demarcation channels

42
Q

megakaryocyte have ____ nuclei since ____

A

polyploi nuclei
endomitosis (mitosis without cell division)

43
Q

4 different zone of platelet

A

peripheral zone
structural zone
organelle zone
membrane system

44
Q

a-granules of platelets

A

coagulation, platelet aggregation
fibrinogen, plasminogen, PDGF

45
Q

sigma-granules of platelets

A

platelet adhesion , vasoconstriction
ADP, ATP, seratonin, histamine

46
Q

g and d granules of platelets

A

clot resorption –> remodelling
hydrolytic enzymes

47
Q

Blood Clotting

  1. when endothelial cells are damaged, ____ are exposed
  2. platelets adhere to subendothelium by ____
  3. aggregation of platelets forms the ____
  4. coagulation terminates with removal of fibrin clot which is achieved by ____ and fibrin dissolving by ____
A
  1. laminin and collagen
  2. ADP, tissue factor, endothelin
  3. hemostatic plug (fibrin + platelets)
  4. clot retraction, plasmin
48
Q

healthy endothelium secretes ____ which inhibits aggregation of platelets

A

prostacyclin

circ-histology and embryology (7 decks)

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