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Anatomy Test 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

Lecture 15 Slides (63 cards)

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0
Q

Give the typical blood volume ranges for males and females

A

Males: 5-6 liters
Females: 4-5 liters

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1
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A

To carry respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones. To help the body regulate temperature. To regulate pH and osmosis. To help protect against foreign substances. To form clots.

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2
Q

What are the three main components of blood and what are their relative amounts?

A

Plasma - 55%
Buffy coat - <1%
Erythrocytes - 45%

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3
Q

The buffy coat contains what two cell types?

A

Leukocyte and platelets.

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4
Q

Which component of blood is the least dense and which is the most dense?

A

Least dense = plasma

Most dense = erythrocytes

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5
Q

Which component of blood contains formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes and the Buffy coat

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6
Q

Plasma contains what two portions?

A

The fluid portion and the fibrinogen

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7
Q

Define hematocrit and give the average values for males and females as well as the commonly used anesthetic statistic

A

Hematocrit- the measure of percent of red blood count.
Males: 47% +,- 5%
Females: 42% +,- 5%
Anes Stat: 45%

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8
Q

Blood plasma is approximately what percent water and what percent proteins?

A

90-91% water

7% proteins

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9
Q

Name the two main ions, five categories of nutrients and three main proteins in blood plasma

A

Ions: sodium and chlorine.
Nutrients: sugars, amino acids, lipids, wastes, and proteins.
Proteins: albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

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10
Q

Formed elements have what three components?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets

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11
Q

Name the five main types of white blood cells and give the relative amounts of each.

A 
Neutrophils (50-70%)
Lymphocytes (25-45%)
Monocytes (3-8%)
Eosinophils (2-4%) 
Basophils (0.5-1%)
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12
Q

Name the acidic dye and the basic dye used in the staining of blood cells. Give the color(s) of each dye.

A

Acidic dye: eosin (pink)

Basic dye: methylene blue (blue and purple)

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13
Q

What is another name for platelets? Describe their structure and formation.

A

Thrombocytes.
They are disc-shaped, plasma membrane-enclosed fragments of cytoplasm that form by breaking off of larger cells called megakaryocytes.

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14
Q

Describe the function of platelets.

A

Platelets plug small tears in the walls of blood vessels to limit bleeding. They also secrete products to make other platelets arrive, to construct the vessel, to initiate inflammation and to initiate clotting.

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15
Q

Platelets secrete what hormone to cause vasoconstriction?

A

Serotonin

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16
Q

How many platelets are contained within one cc of blood?

A

250,000-500,000

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17
Q

The major substance (excluding water) within each erythrocyte is what?

A

Hemoglobin. Erythrocytes contain no nucleus or organelles.

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18
Q

Name the two primary functions of erythrocytes

A

To transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and to transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.

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19
Q

Describe the shape and size of a typical erythrocyte and give its average life span.

A

Shape: Flattened, biconvave, anucleate discs.
Size: 7.5 micrometers
Life span: 120 days

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20
Q

Males and females have how many million erythrocytes per cubic millimeter?

A

Females: 4.3-5.2 million cells/cubic millimeter.
Males: 5.2-5.8 million cells/cubic millimeter.
This makes them the most numerous of the formed elements.

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21
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can bear how many oxygen molecules? Each oxygen molecule bears what other molecule?

A

Four.

Iron.

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22
Q

What chemical reaction involving what molecules gives blood it’s red color?

A

Oxidation of iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules.

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23
Q

The biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides them with what percent more surface area than spherical cells?

A

30%

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24
Excluding water, erythrocytes are composed of what percent hemoglobin molecules?
97%
25
Erythrocytes lack what energy-generating organelle and therefore generate their energy via what mechanism?
Mitochondria. Anaerobic metabolism. This allows erythrocytes to transport oxygen efficiently without consuming it.
26
What is the main function of leukocytes?
To protect the body against invading microorganisms.
27
Name the two classifications of leukocytes and name the types of leukocytes included in each (5 total)
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes.
28
Give the number of leukocytes in one cubic millimeter.
4,800-11,000/cubic millimeter.
29
Where do leukocytes function and where do they originate?
Leukocytes function outside the bloodstream in the loose connective tissues. They originate in the bone marrow.
30
Define diapedesis
The process by which leukocytes squeeze between the endothelial cells that form capillary walls to leave the capillaries.
31
Give the primary function and describe the nuclear anatomy of neutrophils.
Function: Phagocytize and destroy bacteria. The nucleus has two to six lobes. Note that the granules pick up acidic and basic stains making then appear pink and purple/blue on histology slides.
32
Name the two roles of Eosinophils
Ending allergic reactions and parasitic infections
33
Describe the nuclear anatomy and function of Basophils.
Function: inflammation mediation via granules secreting histamines. Nuclear anatomy: usually two lobes.
34
What are the two main classes of lymphocytes and what are the functions of each?
T cells: Attach foreign cells directly. | B cells: Multiply to become plasma cells. Secrete antibodies.
35
Describe the nuclear anatomy of lymphocytes.
Large spherical nucleus that stains dark purple.
36
Describe the function and nuclear anatomy of monocytes.
Function: transform into macrophages. | Nuclear anatomy: kidney-shaped
37
Which WBC type is the most numerous?
Neutrophils
38
Which WBC type is the most important to our immune system?
Lymphocytes
39
Which WBC type acts against specific foreign molecules called antigens?
Lymphocytes
40
Which WBC type is the largest?
Monocytes
41
Define Hematopoiesis
The process by which blood cells are formed in red marrow.
42
How many new blood cells are formed each day?
100 billion
43
Where does Hematopoiesis occur?
In bone marrow. More specifically red marrow.
44
Name the three locations on red marrow in an adult body.
Between the trabeculae of spongy bone of the axial skeleton. Girdles. Proximal epiphyses of the humerus and the femur.
45
What type of tissue framework is bone marrow made up of?
Reticular connective tissue
46
What are reticular cells?
Fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network of bone marrow.
48
What are blood sinusoids?
Wide capillaries running throughout the reticular tissue. Part of the path by which blood cells migrate into the blood stream.
49
What is the function of the macrophages in the reticular tissue of bone marrow?
To extend pseudopods into the sinusoids in order to capture antigens in the blood. Note: macrophages perform similar function in the spleen and liver.
50
There are some cell found in the reticular-fiber network that can give rise to fat cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and muscle cells. What are these cells called?
Mesenchymal stem cells
51
In what type of bone is red marrow located?
Spongy bone
52
Name the type of bone marrow that is dormant, contains many fat cells, and is located in the long bones of adults.
Yellow bone marrow
53
What are the two divisions of blood stem cells and to what do they give rise?
Lymphoid stem cells: lymphocytes | Myeloid stem cells: all other blood cells
54
Myeloblasts form which type of leukocytes?
Granulocytes (Eosinopils, Basophils, and Neutrophils)
55
Monoblasts enlarge to form what?
Monocytes
56
How are platelets created?
Platelet-forming cells from megakaryoblasts break apart.
57
The earliest form of erythrocytes after the myeloid stem cell differentiates is called what?
Proerythrocyte
58
Describe Polycythemia
Abnormal excess of erythrocytes
59
Describe Anemia
Erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low.
60
Describe Sickle Cell disease
It is an inherited condition in which the hemoglobin molecule is defective, leading to a distorted, sickle shaped erythrocyte.
61
Describe Hemachromatosis
An inherited trait in which there is an abnormal excess of iron.
62
Describe Leukemia and name the two classifications.
A form of cancer effecting leukocytes. | Lymphoblastic and myeloblastic.
63
Describe Trombocytopenia
Abnormally low concentration of platelets.

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