Blood

Question 1

Blood is used most commonly for
Another body fluids,,
Blood, lymph ( tissue)
Process of formation of blood ( in?)

Answer 1

Special fluids within their bodies to transport such materials
Lymph also helps in transport of certain substances
Vascular connective tissue
Haemopoiesis ( in bone marrow)

Question 2

Blood colour , by weight
Ph , volume ( male , female
False ct because

Answer 2

Red, 7 to 8 % of body weight
7.4 ( slightly alkaline) , male = 5-6 liters, female = 4-5 liters
Fibres are completely absent
Matrix of blood is produced and synthesised by liver and lymphoid organ

Question 3

Blood liquid part
Solid part
Plasma
Water , solid part

Answer 3

Matrix - plasma - 55%
Blood corpuscles - 45% ( RBC , WBC , platelets)
Matrix of blood
90-92%
8-10%

Question 4

Plasma inorganic part
Organic part %
Proteins

Answer 4

Na+ ,Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ,HCO3- ,Cl -
6-8 %
Albumin 4% ( max)
Globulin 2-2.5 %
Alpha , beta , gamma
Prothrombin = 0.3%
Fibrinogen = 0.3%

Question 5

Smallest plasma protein ( % , produced , fn )
Prothrombin ( % , produced)
Largest protein
Ratio of albumin and globulin

Answer 5

Albumin 4 % max , produced synthesised by liver , responsible to maintain BCOP
0.3 % , produced and secreted by liver
Fibrinogen = 0.3% _^^^^
2:1

Question 6

Globulin ( %, produced)
Fn
Formed elements

Answer 6

2- 2.5 % , produced and secreted by liver and lymphoid organs
Transport/ carry substances in body, destroy bacteria virus and toxic substances
Erythrocytes , leukocytes,platelets

Question 7

Produced , eg
Alpha globulin
Beta globulin
Gamma globulin

Answer 7

Produce by liver eg.Ceruloplasmin - Cu carrying protein
Produced by liver , eg transferin = Fe+2
Produced by lymphoid organ
Immunoglobulin = antibodies which destroy bacteria, viruses,toxic substances

Question 8

Most abundant cell in blood, healthy adult man has
Formed , of mammals ( descriptions)
Pigment
Life span ,death,graveyard

Answer 8

Erythrocytes , 5 million to 5.5 million of RBC mm-3
In red bone marrow , devoid of nucleus and biconcave
Red coloured iron containing pigment, Hb
120 days , liver, spleen

Question 9

Every 100ml blood has (Hb)
Hb A1(adult),Hb A2 ( adult 2 ),Hb F ( Foetal)
Anaemia
Erythropoietic organ
1 RBC
Hormone

Answer 9

12-16 gm of Hb
2 alpha + 2 beta,2 alpha + 2 ,2 alpha + 2 gamma
Decrease in RBC count
Liver,spleen , placenta , thymus gland
Yolk sac
Erythropoietin = kidney,little liver

Question 10

Leukocytes colourless
No
Life span
Types basis
Type , subtype

Answer 10

Colourless due to lack of Hb
Nucleated , lesser in number 6000-8000 mm -3
Short lived , few hours to few days
Granules present or absent in Cytoplasm
Granulocytes = neutrophils, eosinophils ( acidophils) , basophils
Agranulocytes = lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 11

Acidophils stain with , nucleus shape,no
Fn
Also known as,during
Basophils stain , nucleus
Fn
No

Answer 11

Acidic dye like eosin , Bilobed m 2-3 % of TLC
Resist infection,associated with allergic reactions
As eosinphilia,during Taeniasis , Ascariasis,Asthma
Basic die like methylene blue , 2-3 lobed Sshaped
Secrete heparin,histamine,serotonin , involved in inflammatory reactions
0.5-1% mini

Question 12

Neutrophils stain, nucleus ,no
Fn
Called ( reason )
Monocytes size, nucleus,no
Fn
Called

Answer 12

Fain saint with ( acidic,neutral,basic), 3 to 5 lobed ( PMNL) , 60-65%of TLC ( maximum
phagocytic cells which destroy foreign organisms entered and viruses,
Micropoliceman = small size , phagocytic nature
Largest,kidney / bean ,6-8% of TLC
Same as neutrophils
Macropoliceman

Question 13

Lymphocytes size,nucleus,no
Function
Type , fn

Answer 13

Smallest , large due to which cytoplasm becomes peripheral,20 -25% of TLC
Responsible for immune response of body
TCell = cell mediated immunity
B-cell = antibody mediated immunity

Question 14

Blood clot
Bleeding time
Clotting time
Thrombus clot , cause heart attack
Cause paralysis
Embolus clot

Answer 14

Blood from cut and wound but after some times it stops automatically
1-3 min
2-8 min
Static clot block the bloom vessels , coronory thrombosis
Cephalic thrombosis ( found in brain
More harmful due to moving nature

Question 15

Enzyme cascade theory/
Steps

Answer 15

Mechanism of blood clotting
Release of thromboplastin = thromboplastin react with plasma proteins in presence of Ca2+ to form prothrombinase enzymes ( thrombokineses)
Conversion of inactive prothrombin into active thrombin by ( prothrombinase enzyme
Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 16

Mechanism of clotting 3th step

Answer 16

Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
Fibrinogen is soluble protein of plasma
Thrombin protein polymerise monomers of fibrinogen to form insoluble fibrous protein fibre

Question 17

Serum , found

No of factors in blood clotting , produced
Anticoagulants
Ion imp in blood clotting

Answer 17

After clotting a pale yellow liquid oozes from clot , antibodies
Plasma without clotting factors
13 , liver
EDTA , oxalis acid , hirudin
Ca 2+

Question 18

Open type =
Tissue contact
Eg

Answer 18

In this blood is pumped by heart passes large vessels into large open spaces or body through cavities called blood sinuses
Eg Arthropoda, Mollusca

Question 19

Closed type=
Tissue contact
More adventious because
Eg

Answer 19

Blood is pumped by heart into closed networks or blood vessels
Are not in direct contact with circulating fluid
As the flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated
Eg Annelida , Chordata , class cephalopods of mollosca

Question 20

No of Atria. Ventricles. Type of circulation
Heart chambers
Fishes
Amphibia
Reptiles
Crocodile, ave , mammals

Answer 20

Fishes = 2. 1. 1. Single
Amphibians =. 3. 2. 1. Incomplete double
Reptiles. =. 3. 2. 1. Incomplete double
Crocodile. =. 4. 2. 2. Double circulation

Question 21

All vertebrates possess
In fishes heart pumps out , gills
In amphibians, reptiles receives oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood
Why incomplete double circulation

Answer 21

Muscular chambered heart
Deoxygenated blood which gets deoxygenated by gills ,
Left atrium from gills / lungs / skin, right atrium gets
They get mixed up in single ventricle which pumps out mixed bloods

Question 22

In birds and mammals why double circulation
Angiology , father
Increase in size of heart

Answer 22

Ventricle pump blood out without any mixing up, two separate circulatory pathways
Study of blood vascular system , William Harvey
Cardiomegaly

Question 23

Closed type type of blood vessel
3 type ( +nt,fn)
Vasa vasorum

Answer 23

Arteries ( pure ),vein ( impure ) , capillaries
+nt in organs , vessels through which exchange of gases take place
Thin network of blood capillaries is present in walks of blood vessels it self which supply blood and other necessary substances to blood vessels

Question 24

Artery vein layers
Inner
Middle
External
Capillary System discovered by

Answer 24

Tunica intima = an inner lining of squamous endothelium
Tunica media = a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres ( thin in veins
Tunica externa = external layer of fibrous c.t with collagen fibre
Marcello Malpighi

Question 25

Artery Carried blood
Pure blood / impure blood
Blood flows with
Situated in body, lumen
Valves , tunica media layer

Answer 25

From heart to organs
Pure blood except pulmonary artery ( impure
High pressure and speed
Deeply, is constricted ( narrow
Absent, much thicker

Question 26

Vein Carried blood
Pure blood / impure blood
Blood flows with
Situated in body, lumen
Valves , tunica media layer

Answer 26

Blood from organ to heart
Impure except pulmonary vein ( pure
Low pressure and speed
Superficial just below the skin , is wide
Walls of vein contain valves , thinnner

Question 27

Human circulatory system/
Consist

Heart origin

Answer 27

Blood vascular system
A muscular chambered heart
A network of closed branching blood vessels
Blood , fluid which is circulated
Mesodermally

Question 28

Heart origin , situated in , location
Size
Protected by
Epicardium layer , origin , made up of
Endocardium
Myocardium

Answer 28

Mesodermally , thoracic cavity, in between lungs , slightly titled to left
Clenched fist
Double walled membranous bag , pericardium , enclosing pericardial fluid
Outermost , mesodermal, simple squamous epi
Inner most same above
Middle , mesodermal , cardiac muscle which are striated but involuntary

Question 29

Four chambered types

What separates right and left atria
-////— the left and right ventricles
Atria- ventricular septum

Answer 29

Two relatively small upper chambers called atria
Two larger lower chambers called ventricles
A thin muscular wall called interatrial septum
A thick walled interventricular septum
Atrium and ventricle of same side are also separate by thick fibrous tissue

Question 30

Each of septa are provided with
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid / =

Answer 30

An opening through which two. Chambers of same side are connected
The opening b/w right atrium and right ventricle is guarded by valve formed of 3 muscular flaps or cusps
A bicuspid or mitral valve guards the openings b/w left atrium and left ventricle

Question 31

What are provided with semilunar valve

Valve allow

Answer 31

Openings of right ventricle into pulmonary artery
Left ventricle into aorta
The flow of blood only in 1 directions i.e from atria to ventricles and from ventricles to pulmonary artery or aorta
Prevent any backward flow

Question 32

Types of blood grouping
1 grouping based on
A donar has to be carefully matched bez
Agglutinin
Agglutinogens

Answer 32

ABO & Rh-
On presence or absence of two surface antigens , A and B
To avoid severe problems of clumping ( destruction of RBC )
Plasma = two natural antibodies = proteins produced in response to antigen
Two surface antigen = chemicals that can induce immune responses

Question 33

Blood group. Antigens on RBC. Antibodies in plasma. Donors group
A
B
AB
O

Answer 33

A. A. Anti B. A,O
B. B. Anti A. B,O
AB. A,B. Not. AB,A,B,O
O. Not. Anti A,anti B. O

Question 34

A,B,O discovered by
Universal donar
Universal acceptor
Rh discovered in

Answer 34

Landsteiner
O
AB
Rhesus monkey

Question 35

Rh antigen due to
Found( worldwide %,india %
Rh +, Rh-
Mismatching
Cause

Answer 35

Dominant gene . If one gamete posses gene of Rh factors its offspring will be Rh +ve
On surface of RBC ( 80%,97%
Antigen present , antigen absent
Rh -ve blood of a pregnant woman with RH +ve blood from foetus
Severe anaemia and jaundice

Question 36

Mismatching
Cause
Condition
Avoided by

Answer 36

Rh -ve blood of a pregnant woman with RH +ve blood from foetus
Severe anaemia and jaundice
Erythroblastosis foetalis
Administrating anti Rh antibodies to mother immediately after the delivery of first child

Question 37

Interstial fluid / tissue
Fn
Drains it back to major veins

Answer 37

As blood passes through capillaries in tissue, some water along with small water soluble substances move out in space b/w cells of tissue
Exchange of nutrients, gases b/w blood and cells
Lymphatic system

Question 38

Lymph is a , responsible
Fn

Answer 38

Colourless fluid containing specialised lymphocytes, responsible for immune responses of body
Important carrier for nutrients, hormones etc
Fats are absorbed through lymph in lacteals in intestinal villi

Question 39

Entire heart made up of
Ventricles walls thicker&raquo_space;»» arteries reason
Nodal tissue
Types , location

Answer 39

Cardiac muscle
Ventricles have to supply blood to various parts of body
Specialised cardiac musculature , distributed in heart
Sino-atrial node = right upper corner of right atrium
Atrio-ventricular node = lower left corner of right atrium close to atrio- ventricular septum

Question 40

Internodal pathways
______ passes through atrio - ventricular septa
Bundle of HIS

Answer 40

3 bundles of muscle fibre connect Av node and Sa node
A bundle of nodal fibre , AV bundle continues from AVN and immediately divide into tight and left bundle
These right and left bundle with Av bundle

Question 41

Purkinje fibre
Nodal musculature ability
Maximum no of action potentials
Responsible
Called

Answer 41

These branches give rise to minute fibres throughout ventricular musculature of respective sides
To generate action potential without any external stimulation
SAN = 70-75 min
For initiating and maintaining rhythmic contractile activities
Pacemaker

Question 42

Pacemaker in frog
In mammals believed to to emerged
Origin of heart beat and its conduction path

Answer 42

Sinus venosus
Sinus venosus = believed to have emerged with wall of right atrium
SA node → inter nodal pathway → Av node.→ AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibre

Question 43

Cardiac cycle
Consist of
Duration
Each

Answer 43

The sequential event in heart which is cyclically repeated
Systole and diastole of both the atria and ventricles
0.8 sec
Atria = systole =0.1,diastole = 0.7
Ventricle = systole = 0.3 ( from 0.2 to 0.4)
Diastole = 0.5 ( 0.1 , 0.5 to 0.8)

Question 44

Joint diastole
_____ are open blood from ___ flows to
Closed
The SAN now generates (simulates )
This increases flow of blood into

Answer 44

All four chambers are in relaxed state at beginning
Tricuspid and bicuspid , from pulmonary veins → left ventricles through left atria and vena cava → right ventricles through right atria
Semilunar valves
An action potential which stimulates both atria to undergo simultaneous contraction ( atrial systole )
Ventricles by about 30%

Question 45

Action potential in ventricular side conducted by
Cause to contract and to relax

Answer 45

AVN and AV bundle from where the bundle of HIS transmits through the entire ventricular musculature
Ventricular muscle to contract ( ventricular systole) , atria undergoes relaxation ( diastole) coinciding with ventricular systole

Question 46

Ventricular systole increases
What are forced open and why
Allowing

Answer 46

Ventricular pressure causing the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves due to attempted back flow of blood into atria
As the ventricular pressure increases, the semilunar valves guarding the pulmonary artery (right side) and aorta ( left side) are forced open
The blood in ventricles to flow through these vessels into the circulation pathway

Question 47

What causes the closure of semilunar valves,which prevents
As ___ declines, __opened by. Which
The blood now once again

Answer 47

The ventricles now relax ( ventricular diastole ) and the ventricular pressure falls ,,the back flow of blood into the ventricles
Ventricular pressure,the tricuspid and bicuspid valves by pressure in atria exerted by blood which was being emptied into them by the veins
Moves freely to ventricles

Question 48

Time of cardiac cycle
Each ventricles pump out approximately ( called )
Cardiac ( blood pumped out by )
Averages
Cardiac output of athletes

Answer 48

1 / heart beat per minute
70 ml of blood which is called stroke volume
= stroke volume x heart rate ( by each ventricle )
5000 ml or 5 litres in healthy individual
Will be much higher than that of an ordinary man

Question 49

Stroke volume =

Blood enters into heart
Blood leaves out of heart
The body has ability

Answer 49

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume ( ventricles)
= 120-50= 70 ml
Because of atria relax
Because muscles of ventricles contract
To alter the stroke volume as well as heart rate and thereby the cardiac output

Question 50

First heart sound associated
Dull / sharp, duration
At the beginning of
Caused by

Answer 50

Lub = with the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Dull, prolonged ( 0.15 sec )
Ventricular systole
Closure of AV valvas

Question 51

Second heart sound associated with
Dull / sharp , duration
At the beginning of
Caused

Answer 51

Dub = with the closure of semilunar valves
Sharp , high pitch ( 0.1 sec)
Of ventricular diastole
By closure of semilunar valves

Question 52

Blood pumped by right ventricle enters , left ventricle pumps
Deoxygenated blood pumped into
______ entering the arota is carried by

Answer 52

Pulmonary artery, blood into aorta
Pulmonary artery is passed on lungs from where oxygenated blood is carried by pulmonary veins into left atrium
The oxygenated blood , by a network of arteries , arterioles , capillaries to tissue

Question 53

Systemic circulation
______ entering the arota is carried by
Deoxygenated blood is collected by
Systemic circulation provide

Answer 53

The oxygenated blood , by a network of arteries , arterioles , capillaries to tissue
A system of venules , veins , vena cava and emptied into right atrium
Nutrition, O2 and other essential substances to tissues and takes O2 and other harmful substances for elimination

Question 54

Blood pressure normal Bp
Systolic pressure
Instrument
Pulse felt, graph marked instrument
Pulse pressure

Answer 54

Is pressure excreted by flowing blood on elastic walls of arteries ,120/80mm Hg
Higher limit of blood pressure that shows systole of heart ( 120 mmhg
Lower limit of BP that shows diastole of heart ( 80
Sphygmomanometer
In radial artery +nt in wrist of man , artery of neck region , sphygmograph
= systolic pressure- diastolic pressure
= 120 - 80 = 40 mm hg

Question 55

ECG is a
A patient is connected to machine with
P wave represents
QRS represents
Contraction starts

Answer 55

Graphical representation of electrical activity of heart during a cardiac cycle
Three electrical leads ( one to each wrist and left ankle
The electrical excitation ( or depolarisation) of atria , which leads to contraction of both the atria
Depolarisation of ventricles which initiates the ventricular contraction
Shortly after Q and marks the beginning of systole

Question 56

T wave represents , end marks the
Determine the heart rate
Systolic or, diastolic or
What shows hypertension
Leads to

Answer 56

Return off ventricles from excited to normal ( repolarisation ) , end of systole
By counting the no of QRS complexes
Pumping pressure , resting pressure
If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is 140 / 90
Heart disease and also affects vital organs like brain and kidney

Question 57

CAD /, affects the
Caused by
Angina /, occurs mainly , occurs due to
Symptom of

Answer 57

Coronary artery disease/ atherosclerosis, vessels that supply blood to heart muscles
Deposits of calcium,fat,cholesterol,fibrous tissues which makes lumen of arteries narrower
Pectoris , among middle aged and elderly , conditions that affect the blood flow
Of acute chest pain appears when no enough O2 is reaching the heart muscle

Question 58

Heart failure means
Also called , because
Cardiac arrest
Heart attack

Answer 58

The state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of body
Congestive heart failure because congestion of lung is one of main symptoms of this disease
When heart stops beating
When the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply

Question 59

Total no of valves in embryonic heart
Merge into. Musculature of their respective veins after birth
Foremen ovale
Which
Largest heart among all animals , among all terrestrial

Answer 59

Six - tricuspid , bicuspid , semilunar,aortic semilunar , Thebesian , eustachian
Thebesian , eustachian
In embryonic heart small opening is +nt at interatial septum
After birth modified to fossa ovalis
Blue whale , elephant

Question 60

Ductus arteriosus , connect , after birth
Significance of _ _ _
No of septum’s
No of valves

Answer 60

In embryonic heart a small duct is +nt , pulmonary artery and aorta , modified into ligamentum arteriosum
Of chordae tendinae,papillary muscle,columnar carnae , to prevent reverse opening of AV valves during ventricular systole
3 ( inter atrial, inter ventricular, AV septum )
4 ( two Av valves , two semilunar valves )

Question 61

Why is heart myogenic
Neural centre in medulla oblongata
——- increase the heart rate,,,,,,,,,,,and thereby
——— decrease the heart rate “”””” and there by

Answer 61

Normal activities of heart are regulated intrinsically I.e auto regulated by specialised muscles ( nodal tissue )
Can moderate the cardiac fn through autonomic n.s
Neural signals thru sympathetic nerves ( part of ANS ) , the strength of ventricular contraction , and the cardiac output
Parasympathetic nerves signals , speed of conduction of action potential

Question 62

—— increase the cardiac output ( hormone
Increase the rate of heart
Decrease

Answer 62

Adrenal medullary
Nor adrenaline
Acetylcholine