Blood

Question 1

What is a CBC and a CBC w/diff?

Answer 1

CBC is a complete blood count and reports total number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

With differential just means it also reports how many of each kind of white blood cell.

Question 2

What is a CMP?

Answer 2

Comprehensive metabolic panel

Quantitative histology and measures serum contents

Question 3

What is a BMP?

Answer 3

Basic Metabolic Panel

Measures electrolytes and metabolites

Question 4

What is a liver panel?

Answer 4

Hepatic function test

Measures liver proteins, enzymes, and metabolites

Question 5

What are components of whole blood?

Answer 5

Forced elements - cells and platelets, includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

Plasma - fluid ECM of blood includes water, proteins, lipids, metabolites, hormones, and antibodies

Question 6

What is hematocrit?

Answer 6

Red blood cell volume

Question 7

What is plasma and what is it composed of?

Answer 7

Blood’s ECM

Yellowish fluid in which formed elements are suspended, other organic compound, and electrolytes are dissolved.

Yellow color is from bilirubin

Plasma is mainly composed of water and then proteins

Question 8

What are the functions of plasma?

Answer 8

Transport of cells, nutrients, metabolic wastes, proteins, hormones.

Assists in homeostasis - maintaining osmotic balance and maintaining pH balance

Assists in hemostasis - hemostatic processes prevent blood loss during injury, lead to coagulation and clotting

Question 9

What is plasma - fibrinogen?

Answer 9

Serum

Question 10

What is fibrinogen?

Answer 10

A soluble protein that converts to insoluble fibrin during clotting

Question 11

What is the special stain for blood smears?

Answer 11

Giemsa stain

Question 12

Hematopoiesis

Answer 12

Process by which a series of stem cells differentiate and immature precursor cells mature, giving rise to the formed elements of blood

Question 13

What are the functions of erythrocytes and what are their properties?

Answer 13

Functions are oxygen transport and CO2 transport

RBC morphology reflects function

Very little variation in appearance among mature RBCs

Question 14

What is the benefit of the biconcave shape of mature RBCs?

Answer 14

Higher surface area to volume ratio (vs. spheres) which enables faster gas transfer across cell membrane

Greater flexibility because RBCs can bend and twist so they can resist shear forces and pass through tiny capillaries

Question 15

What is the central pallor?

Answer 15

In LM, it is the thinner region in the center of the disc of a mature RBC

Question 16

What are the 2 transmembrane proteins in RBCs?

Answer 16

Band 3 - anion transport protein which transports HCO3- across RBC membrane and mediates exchange Cl- and HCO3-

Glycophorins - bear ABO and Rh antigens

Question 17

What unique about the RBCs cytoskeleton and filaments?

Answer 17

Has spectrin filaments and actin filaents that form a grid underneath the cell membrane

Intracellular attachment proteins attach grid to transmembrane proteins

RBCs lack microtubules and intermediate filaments

Question 18

How do RBCs maximize space for hemoglobin?

Answer 18

RBCs lack nearly all organelles and cytoplasm contents are hemoglobin mainly and reduced cytoskeleton and enzymes. No mitochondria and they are anucleate.

Question 19

What are reticulocytes?

Answer 19

Immature RBCs

In LM, they are anucleate, basophilic speckles and reticulating lines and no central pallor

Question 20

What are leukocytes and what categories do they fall into?

Answer 20

Granulocytes - have large cytoplasmic granules
Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Agranulocytes - lack large cytoplasmic granules
Includes lymphocytes and monocyttes

Question 21

What are the 3 types of cytoplasmic granules?

Answer 21

Primary granules - present in all 5 WBCs

Secondary granules - only in granulocytes

Tertiary granules - only in neutrophils

Question 22

What are the functions of eosinophils?

Answer 22

Attack protozoans and helminth parasites

Degrade histamine and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes

Recruited to connective tissue of airways during viral infections of the respiratory tract

Question 23

What do you see in LM with eosinophils?

Answer 23

Bilobate nucleus

Primary granules - destroy parasites

Secondary granules - contain parasite cytotoxins, stain acidophilic

Question 24

What do eosinophils look like in TEM?

Answer 24

Secondary granules have stripes called crystalloid bodies

Barr body might be present

Question 25

What are the functions of basophils?

Answer 25

Initiate type I (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions and mediate subsequent inflammatory response Basophils degranulate when exposed to antigens/allergens, releasing histamine and heparin into the bloodstream

Question 26

What do basophils look like under LM and TEM?

Answer 26

In LM: Primary granules Secondary granules - histamine and heparin, very basophilic In TEM: Secondary granules are large and e dense and lack stripes

Question 27

What are the functions of neutrophils?

Answer 27

Active phagocytes, especially of bacteria and fungi (high in bacterial infections) First responders - elevated for first 24hrs of inflammation or infection

Question 28

How do neutrophils appear in LM and TEM?

Answer 28

LM: multilobate nucleus Primary granules Secondary granules Tertiary granules TEM: Many lobes and phagocytes Multilobed nucleus Primary and secondary granules are small and similar in appearance

Question 29

What are band cells?

Answer 29

Immature neutrophils C-shaped nucleus.

Question 30

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

Answer 30

Main functional cells of lymphatic system Attack viruses - elevated in blood and in viral infections Only has primary granules

Question 31

What do lymphocytes look like in LM and TEM?

Answer 31

Nucleus occupies most of the cell TEM - can see cytoplasm form a thin ring around the nuclus

Question 32

What is the function of monocytes and what are their properties?

Answer 32

Macrophage precursors Have primary granules Nucleus is kidney shapes, large indent on one side Cytoplasm not grainy

Question 33

What are the functions of thrombocytes? What are their properties?

Answer 33

Clotting and tissue repair - hemostasis Derived from megakaryocytes Granulomere contains 2 types of granules - both promote platelet aggregation during clot formation Hyalomere - peripheral cytoplasm

Question 34

What do thrombocytes look like in LM and TEM?

Answer 34

TEM - no granules in hyalomere and electron dense granules in granulomere LM: No nucleus, granulomere contains e dense granules, hyalomere is peripheral region that lacks granules