Blood

Question 1

What is the normal concentration of Red Blood cells?

Answer 1

3-5 x 10^12/litre

Question 2

What is the normal concentration of White blood cells?

Answer 2

2-5 x 10^9/litre

Question 3

What is the normal concentration of Platelets?

Answer 3

150-400 x 10^9/litre

Question 4

How often are RBCs replaced?

Answer 4

Every 120 days

Question 5

How often are WBCs replaced?

Answer 5

Every 3-5 days

Question 6

How often are Platelets replaced?

Answer 6

Every 10 days

Question 7

Where is the most reliable place to get bone marrow from?

Answer 7

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine

Question 8

How does the location of haemopoiesis change throughout development?

Answer 8

First few weeks -> Yolk sac
6 weeks - 7 months -> Liver and Spleen
7 months - throughout life -> Bone marrow
Later in life -> axial skeleton, after bone marrow of long bones has turned to yellow (fat) marrow.

Question 9

What percentage of marrow consists of fat spaces, even in haemopoietic areas?

Answer 9

50%

Question 10

Why, in bone marrow transplants, are a variety of cell-types transplanted, despite the fact that the only cells that are really useful for transplantation are the Pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 10

Because no-one knows what they look like. Can’t differentiate them from other immature cells - just have to hope that there are some PPSCs in with the cells that you transplant.
Anything above the CFUs in haemopoiesis are indistinguishable from each other.

Question 11

What components make up the bone marrow stroma?

Answer 11

Cells

Extracellular matrix

Question 12

What determines when cells are released into the circulation?

Answer 12

Stromal regulation of Adhesion molecules that anchor stem cells to the ECM.

Question 13

What are three broad factors that influence Haemopoiesis?

Answer 13

Bone marrow stroma
Haemopoeitic growth factors
Haematinics

Question 14

What are 4 examples of Haematinics?

Answer 14

Red Cells, Iron, B12, Folate

Question 15

What are Haematinics?

Answer 15

Chemical agents or substances that are required for erythropoiesis.

Question 16

Is there Folate in goat’s milk?

Answer 16

No, fucker!

Question 17

What is a drug that interferes with the folate metabolic pathway?

Answer 17

Methotrexate.

Question 18

What is polycythaemia?

Answer 18

Too many RBCs

Question 19

What is Thrombocytosis?

Answer 19

Too many platelets

Question 20

How is Anaemia measured?

Answer 20

Measured by haemoglobin levels, rather than RBC count.

Question 21

What is the Tissue oxygen delivery equation?

Answer 21

CO x Hb x %Saturation x 1.34 = Tissue oxygen delivery

Question 22

What is %saturation?

Answer 22

The percentage of RBCs that are saturated with oxygen

Question 23

What are the units used for Tissue oxygen delivery?

Answer 23

ml/min = l/min x g/l x % x ml/g

Question 24

What is the main factor that is taken into consideration when deciding whether or not to give a patient a blood transfusion?

Answer 24

How long the patient can maintain the compensatory heart rate.

Question 25

What is implied by an increasing heart rate in an anaemic patient without fever?

Answer 25

That their haemoglobin has decreased.

Question 26

What is MCV?

Answer 26

Mean corpuscular volume. Size of RBC.

Question 27

What are two signs of increased production of erythrocytes?

Answer 27

Reticulocytes | Polychromasia

Question 28

What are three signs of increased destruction of red blood cells?

Answer 28

Jaundice (increased serum bilirubin) Haptoglobins LDH = Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 29

What are haptoglobins?

Answer 29

Found in plasma, bind free haemoglobin that has been released by erythrocyte breakdown, and carries it back to the liver.

Question 30

What are two signs of increased production of Red blood cells?

Answer 30

Reticulocytes: immature RBCs Polychromasia: abnormally high numbers of red blood cells

Question 31

What is microcytic anaemia?

Answer 31

Anaemia characterised by red blood cells with reduced Mean Corpuscular volume

Question 32

What are two causes of microcytic anaemia?

Answer 32

blood loss and dietary insufficiency

Question 33

What is macrocytic anaemia?

Answer 33

Anaemia characterised by red blood cells with increased Mean Corpuscular volume.

Question 34

What are two causes of macrocytic anaemia?

Answer 34

Vitamin 12 and Folate

Question 35

On which chromosome will you find ABO genes?

Answer 35

Chromosome 9

Question 36

On which chromosome will you find the H gene?

Answer 36

Chromosome 19

Question 37

What does A gene code for? and What does the product do?

Answer 37

A transferase. Converts H antigen to A antigen.

Question 38

What does B gene code for? and what does the product do?

Answer 38

B transferase. Converts H antigen into B antigen.

Question 39

What are the two most common blood groups?

Answer 39

A and O

Question 40

Where is the Rh gene located?

Answer 40

Chromosome 1

Question 41

What antigens are involved in the Rhesus blood group system? Which is the most important?

Answer 41

Antigens C, c, D, E, e. | D is the most important antigen.

Question 42

What genotype will make someone Rhesus positive?

Answer 42

DD, Dd

Question 43

What does 'A+' mean?

Answer 43

Means a person has Blood Type A and is Rhesus positive.