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A&P Exam1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood is a __ consisting of __ and ___

A

a liquid connective tissue; cells and extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What two things make up blood?

A
  1. extracellular matrix (plasma)

2. cells (formed elements= blood cells and cell fragments)

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3
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs) and thrombocytes (platelets)

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4
Q

What is viscosity?

A

resistance to flow/ thickness of blood relative to water (water has a viscosity of 1)

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5
Q

What is the viscosity of whole blood? of plasma?

A

whole blood= 4.5- 5.5

plasma= 2.0

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6
Q

How does osmolarity effect blood pressure?

A

BP goes up when osmolarity is too high

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7
Q

What happens if osmolarity is too low?

A

fluid goes in to tissues= edema

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8
Q

What makes up blood plasma?

A
  • water (92% by weight)
  • proteins: albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

albumins= 60% of total protein
globulins= 36%
fibrinogen=4%

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9
Q

What is the major difference between blood fluid and interstitial fluid?

A

big difference= proteins in blood fluid for osmotic reasons as well as our immune defense

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10
Q

Both blood fluid and interstitial fluid are high in __ and low in ___

A

sodium; potassium

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11
Q

What are the steps of hemopoeisis?

A

hemopoietic stem cell –> committed stem cells –> erythropoietin –> late normoblast –> reticulocyte –> RBC

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12
Q

Function of erythrocytes is ___. They have large ___ for:

A

carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues; pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs

-large surface area for gas exchange
(most abundant type of blood cell)

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13
Q

Erythrocytes have an extensive ___

A

cytoskeleton made mostly of actin which reinforce the plasma membrane; optimized diffusion when squeezing action occurs with capillaries

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14
Q

Hematocrit is ____. The avg value for men is __ and for women is ___. The ranges are…

A

separating plasma from formed elements of blood (% of blood occupied by RBCs)

48% (45-52)

42% (37-48)

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15
Q

What causes high hematocrit?

A

high altitude (increases oxygen carrying capacity of blood), types of cancers, in athletes/ men, dehydration

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16
Q

What causes low hematocrit?

A

anemia (low oxygen carrying capacity)

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17
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule consists of:

A
  • four protein chains (globins)

- four heme groups

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18
Q

Heme groups of hemoglobin are ___ that bind __ to __

A

nonprotein moiety that binds oxygen to ferrous iron (Fe2+) at its center

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19
Q

Globins of hemoglobin acts as a ___ and does what?

A

acts as a buffer and binds co2 in blood (5% CO2 in blood is bound to globin moiety)

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20
Q

Steps in erythropoiesis:

A

pluripotent stem cell –> colony forming unit (ERYTHROCYTE CFU) –> erythroblast –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte

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21
Q

What are the precursor cells to an erythrocyte?

A

erythroblast –> reticulocyte

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22
Q

Reticulocytes have an extensive ___

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

How many RBCs are produced per second?

A

2.5 million

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24
Q

Average lifespan of a RBC is ___; development takes ___

Study These Flashcards
A

120 days; 3-5 days

25
What occurs during the development of a RBC?
reduction in cell size, increase in cell number, synthesis of hemoglobin and loss of nucleus
26
Erythrocyte CFUs are considered ___
EPO receptors
27
Erythroblasts are considered ____
hemoglobin production company (continues to replicate)
28
How do reticulocytes become erythrocytes?
They're released into the blood stream and then become RBCs
29
What is hypoxemia?
inadequate oxygen transport
30
Regulation of erythropoiesis: inadequate O2 transport is sensed by ___ which secretes ___. This stimulates ___ to accelerate ___. This increases ___ and ___
kidneys --> secretion of erythropoietin --> stimulation of red bone marrow --> accelerated erythropoiesis --> increased RBC count --> increased O2 transport
31
Regulation of erythropoiesis is what type of feedback loop?
negative
32
Erythrocyte recycling and disposal:
small intestine --> nutrient absorption (amino acids, folic acid, iron, vitamin b12) --> erythropoiesis in red bone marrow --> erythrocytes circulate for 120 days --> expired erythrocytes break up in liver and spleen --> hemoglobin is degraded --> cell fragments phagocytized
33
Expired erythrocytes are broken down in which two organs?
liver and spleen
34
What is the oxygen carrier in hemoglobin?
iron
35
Why are amino acids important to erythrocytes?
hemoglobin is a protein
36
Folic acid and vitamin b12 are essential for :
RBC replication
37
Folid acid is important for proper __ which is why pregnant women take this
DNA replication
38
High levels of bilirubin in the blood is called
jaundice
39
What is pernicious anemia?
problem absorbing vitamin b12
40
hemolytic anemia =
excess lyses of RBCs caused by diseases such as sickle cell anemia
41
Polycythemia=
higher than normal hematocrit
42
Polycythemia vera=
cancer in bone marrow causing excessive RBC production- count can double or triple - if hematocrit is too high blood thickens which leads to clogged capillaries and increased blood pressure
43
Secondary polycythemia is __ not __ and is the idea that:
physiological not pathological ; idea that we increase hematocrit to meet our oxygen demand
44
Average platelet count=
130,000-360,000/ uL
45
Average total WBC count=
5,000-10,000/ uL
46
Plasma makes up ___% of whole blood, buffy coat= __% and erythrocytes= __%
55%; <1%; 45%
47
What makes up the buffy coat of blood?
leukocytes and platelets
48
Lymphoma=
enlargement and extension of lymphoid tissue (cancer of lymphatic cells)
49
What is included in a CBC?
Hematocrit; hemoglobin concentration; total count for RBCs, reticulocytes, WBCs and platelets; differential WBC count; RBC size and hemoglobin concentration per RBC
50
3 steps of hemostasis=
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood coagulation
51
platelet formation=
hemopoietic stem cell --> committed stem cell (progenitor cell) --> GM CSF --> megakaryocyte --> platelets
52
platelets lack a __ so they have a limited lifespan of __
nuclei; 5-7 days
53
All 3 steps in hemostasis involve ___
platelets
54
key chemical mediators released by platelets=
1. serotonin 2. thromboxane a2 3. ADP
55
Serotonin, when released by platelets does what?
vasoconstriction (vascular spasm causes vasoconstriction)
56
Thromboxane A2, when released by platelets does what?
vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
57
ADP, when released by platelets does what?
platelet aggregation
58
Vascular spasm/ platelet activation & platelet plug formation= what type of cycle
positive (amplification) feedback cycle

A&P Exam1 (2 decks)

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