Blood

Question 1

What is blood?

Answer 1

Blood is a connective tissue. Blood transports substances throughout the body and maintains a stable internal environment. Blood includes RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma

Question 2

Plasma

Answer 2

A mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes. A blood hematocrit is normally 45% of the cells and 55% plasma

Question 3

Erythrocytes

Answer 3

Red blood cells. Biconcave disks that contain on-third oxygen carrying hemoglobin by volume. They discard their nuclei during development so they can’t reproduce or produce proteins.

Question 4

Hemoglobin

Answer 4

Chemical that binds with oxygen. ( the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.)

Question 5

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 5

When oxygen combines with hemoglobin. It is bright red

Question 6

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 6

Deoxygenated blood. It is darker than regular blood

Question 7

Blood doping

Answer 7

When you have an increased amount of RBC in your system, so you have a higher oxygen-carrying capacity.

Question 8

Where does RBC production occur in the embryo and fetus?

Answer 8

In the yolk sac, liver, and spleen

Question 9

After birth where does RBC production occur?

Answer 9

In the red bone marrow

Question 10

What is the average life span of a RBC?

Answer 10

120 days

Question 11

Hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 11

Produce red blood cells. They are in the red bone marrow and are derived from the mesoderm

Question 12

Erythropoietin

Answer 12

The hormone released from the kidneys and liver in response to the detection of low oxygen levels.

Question 13

What two things are needed for the reproduction of DNA and hematopoietic tissue?

Answer 13

Vitamins B12 (iron) and folic acid

Question 14

Anemia

Answer 14

A deficiency in RBC or quantity of hemoglobin results in anemia

Question 15

Macrophages

Answer 15

In the liver and spleen phagotize damaged RBC

Question 16

What is the hemoglobin in the decomposed RBC converted into?

Answer 16

Heme and globin

Question 17

What is heme decomposed into?

Answer 17

Iron, which is stored in biliverdin and bilirubin which are excreted in bile.

Question 18

Leukocytes

Answer 18

White blood cells. They help defend the body against disease. Formed by hemocytoblasts.

Question 19

What are the two categories of hormones that stimulate WBC production

Answer 19

Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF’s)

Question 20

What are the five type of WBC

Answer 20

(Granulocytes?), neutrophils, eosinphils, and basophils, and the (agranulocytes?) which are monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 21

Neutrophils

Answer 21

They’re WBC and they are the most common ones found in the body

Question 22

Eosinophils

Answer 22

They make up only 1-3% of circulating leukocytes. (a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin.) Moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasitic infections.

Question 23

Basophils

Answer 23

Only make up fewer than 1% of leukocytes. They migrate to damaged tissues and release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit blood clotting

Question 24

Monocytes

Answer 24

The largest blood cell. Have variably shaped nuclei and make up 3-9% of circulating leukocytes. (Have the ability to engulf)

Question 25

Lymphocytes

Answer 25

Long-lived. They have a large round nucleus and account for 25-33% of circulating leukocytes. (Have memory of past germs). They are also major players in specific immune reactions and some produce antibodies.

Question 26

Diapedesis

Answer 26

Leukocytes can squeeze between cells lining walls of blood vessels by diapedesis and attack bacteria and debris

Question 27

Phagocytic

Answer 27

Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic with monocytes engulfing the larger particles. They engulf foreign cells and break them down.

Question 28

Throbocytes

Answer 28

Blood platelets. They're fragments of megakaryocytes, developed from hematopoietic stem cells in response to thrombopoietin.

Question 29

What do platelets do?

Answer 29

They help repair damaged blood vessels of adhering to their broken edges.

Question 30

Megakaryocytes

Answer 30

Break apart to create RBC's throbocytes. Which are platelets.

Question 31

Blood plasma

Answer 31

A clear straw-colored fluid portion of the blood. It's mostly water (92%) Important to homeostasis.

Question 32

What are plasma's functions

Answer 32

Transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain a favorable pH.

Question 33

Plasma proteins 3

Answer 33

Albumins (help maintain osmotic pressure), globulins (designated as alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen (clotting and tissue healing).

Question 34

What are the two most important blood gases?

Answer 34

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 35

Plasma nutrients 4

Answer 35

Amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids

Question 36

Since lipids are not soluble in the water of the plasma what happens?

Answer 36

They are surrounded by protein molecules for transport through the bloodstream as lipoproteins.

Question 37

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances

Answer 37

A waist that is dissolved in the blood stream and cleared from blood by the liver. Urea and uric acid are the by-products of protein. Aka nitrogenous wastes.

Question 38

Plasma electrolytes

Answer 38

Are absorbed by the intestine or are by-products of cellular metabolism

Question 39

Homeostasis

Answer 39

Refers to the stopping of bleeding.

Question 40

What happens following the injury of a vessel? Three steps

Answer 40

Blood vessel spasm (get smaller or bigger depending on the need). Platelet plug formation. Blood coagulation.

Question 41

Agglutination

Answer 41

Clumping of red blood cells following transfusion

Question 42

Antigen

Answer 42

Stimulates an immune system response

Question 43

Antibodies

Answer 43

It recognizes (attacks) antigens

Question 44

ABO blood groups

Answer 44

Type A B and O blood groups ;)

Question 45

Type A blood

Answer 45

Has A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

Question 46

Type B blood

Answer 46

Has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma

Question 47

Type AB blood

Answer 47

Has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies. It is also call universal recipient

Question 48

Type O blood

Answer 48

Has neither antigen, but both types of antibodies in the plasma. Also called universal donor

Question 49

What is the Rh blood group?

Answer 49

It was named after the rhesus monkey. If it is present on a RBC the blood is Rh positive. Otherwise it's Rh negative.