Blood Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
What type of system is the cardio vascular system?
A
A transport system
2
Q
What type of system is the cardio vascular system?
A
A transport system
3
Q
What are the vehicles in the cardiovascular system?
A
Blood
4
Q
What type of category is blood?
A
Fluid connective tissues
5
Q
What are the formed elements in blood?
A
WBC, RBC, Platelets
6
Q
What percentage of blood is plasma?
A
55%
7
Q
What percentage of blood is formed elements?
A
45%
8
Q
What are the parts that make up plasma and what are their percentages?
A
Water-91% ----------->other 7% Albumins-60% Globulins-35% Fibrinogen-4% Regular Protiens
9
Q
What do Albumins do?
A
Contributor to osmotic pressure
10
Q
What do globulins do?
A
Antibodies
11
Q
What is fibrinogen?
A
soluble fiber
12
Q
What are other solutes found in plasma?
A
Electrolytes-Na+, K+, Ca+
Organic nutrients-Glucose
Organic waste materials
13
Q
What are the most abundant of the formed elements in blood and what do they do?
A
Erythrocytes, and transport of oxygen and CO2 for cellular resperation
14
Q
Are RBC’s annucleated?
A
yes
15
Q
What is the most abundant substance in RBC?
A
hemoglobin
16
Q
What is the lifespan of a RBC?
A
100-120 days
17
Q
What does oxygen bind too in the heme?
A
iron ion inside the heme
18
Q
How many O2 can bind to the iron inside heme?
A
4 O2 molecules
19
Q
What section of an amino acid determines what type of protein it is?
A
Side chain of an amino acid
20
Q
How are amino acids joined?
A
Dehydration synthesis
21
Q
What type of protein structure is hemoglobin?
A
A quaternery structure
22
Q
What are the building blocks of a protein?
A
Amino acids
23
Q
What makes up a protein?
A
Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and a side chain
24
Q
How many hemoglobin are in each red blood cell?
A
250 millon
25
How many units of oxygen can be transported per RBC?
1 billion units of oxygen
26
What is anemia caused by?
low number of red blood cells
27
What are the different types of anemia?
sickle cell, iron deficency, hemoragic anemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia
28
What is hemoragic anemia?
bleeding out
| for example a bleeding ulcer
29
What is the cause of aplastic anemia?
red bone marrow isn't producing enough RBC
30
What is hemolytic anemia?
blood cells being destroyed
31
What is pernicious anemia?
deficiency of vitamin B12
32
What is polycythemia?
Increased number of RBC
| Cancer of RBC
33
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
34
What are the 5 types of WBC?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
35
What are the two categories of Leukocytes?
Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
36
What are granulocytes with 3-5 lobed nucleus, which stain a pale lilac, most abundant types of WBC?
neutrophils
37
Which type of WBC are first on the scene and a high number of them can be a sign of an acute infection?
neutrophils
38
What are WBC that have a bilobed nucleus that stain red?
eosinophils
39
When a higher number of these are present it can be a sign of a parasitic infection or allergic reaction?
eosinophils
40
What percentage of a sample will contain eosinophils?
5%
41
What type of WBC stain purple or blue and contain histamine to mediate a inflammatory response?
basophils
42
What percentage of basophils will be present in a sample?
43
What is a characteristic of AGranulocytes?
no visible granules
44
What are the two types of AGranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
45
What type of AGranulocytes have a large nucleus with a small rim of cytoplasm, mostly found in lymphatic tissue?
Lymphocytes
46
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
T-cells and B-cells
47
What do T-cells do?
associated with virus infected cells
48
What do B-cells do?
produce antibodies
49
Where do T-cells mature?
in thymus
50
where do B-cells mature?
remain in bone marrow
51
What type of blood cell can leave the blood and enter into tissue?
white blood cells
52
What type of blood cell can leave the blood and enter into tissue?
white blood cells
53
What are the vehicles in the cardiovascular system?
Blood
54
What type of category is blood?
Fluid connective tissues
55
What are the formed elements in blood?
WBC, RBC, Platelets
56
What percentage of blood is plasma?
55%
57
What percentage of blood is formed elements?
45%
58
What are the parts that make up plasma and what are their percentages?
```
Water-92%
Albumins-60%
Globulins-35%
Fibrinogen-4%
Regular Protiens
```
59
What do Albumins do?
Contributor to osmotic pressure
60
What do gluons do?
Antibodies
61
What is fibrinogen?
soluble fiber
62
What are other solutes found in plasma?
Electrolytes-Na+, K+, Ca+
Organic nutrients-Glucose
Organic waste materials
63
What are the most abundant of the formed elements in blood and what do they do?
Erythrocytes, and transport of oxygen and CO2 for cellular resperation
64
Are RBC's annucleated?
yes
65
What is the most abundant substance in RBC?
hemoglobin
66
What is the lifespan of a RBC?
100-120 days
67
What does oxygen bind too in the heme?
iron ion inside the heme
68
How many O2 can bind to the iron inside heme?
4 O2 molecules
69
What section of an amino acid determines what type of protein it is?
Side chain of an amino acid
70
How are amino acids joined?
Dehydration synthesis
71
What type of protein structure is hemoglobin?
A quaternery structure
72
What are the building blocks of a protein?
Amino acids
73
What makes up a protein?
Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and a side chain
74
How many hemoglobin are in each red blood cell?
250 millon
75
How many units of oxygen can be transported per RBC?
1 billion units of oxygen
76
What is anemia caused by?
low number of red blood cells
77
What are the different types of anemia?
sickle cell, iron deficency, hemoragic anemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia
78
What is hemoragic anemia?
bleeding out
| for example a bleeding ulcer
79
What is the cause of aplastic anemia?
red bone marrow isn't producing enough RBC
80
What is hemolytic anemia?
blood cells being destroyed
81
What is pernicious anemia?
deficiency of vitamin B12
82
What is polycythemia?
Increased number of RBC
| Cancer of RBC
83
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
84
What are the 5 types of WBC?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
85
What are the two categories of Leukocytes?
Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
86
What are granulocytes with 3-5 lobed nucleus, which stain a pale lilac, most abundant types of WBC?
neutrophils
87
Which type of WBC are first on the scene and a high number of them can be a sign of an acute infection?
neutrophils
88
What are WBC that have a bilobed nucleus that stain red?
eosinophils
89
When a higher number of these are present it can be a sign of a parasitic infection or allergic reaction?
eosinophils
90
What percentage of a sample will contain eosinophils?
5%
91
What type of WBC stain purple or blue and contain histamine to mediate a inflammatory response?
basophils
92
What percentage of basophils will be present in a sample?
93
What is a characteristic of AGranulocytes?
no visible granules
94
What are the two types of AGranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
95
What type of AGranulocytes have a large nucleus with a small rim of cytoplasm, mostly found in lymphatic tissue?
Lymphocytes
96
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
T-cells and B-cells
97
What do T-cells do?
associated with virus infected cells
98
What do B-cells do?
produce antibodies
99
Where do T-cells mature?
in thymus
100
where do B-cells mature?
remain in bone marrow
101
What type of Agranulocytes are largest WBC with u-shaped nucleus, higher number of these can be a sign of a chronic infection?
monocytes
102
What type of blood cell can leave the blood and enter into tissue?
white blood cells
103
What is an average white blood cell count?
5000
104
what is leucocytosis?
a higher number of WBC
105
What is the nemonic device for remembering percentages of WBC in a sample?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bannanas
106
What are the percentage of neutrophils in a sample?
50%
107
What are the percentages of WBC in a sample from highest to lowest?
```
Neutrophils-50%
Lymphocytes-25%
Monocytes-10%
Eosinophils-5%
basophils-
```
108
What is leucopenia?
Low number of WBC
109
What is an extreme increase in WBC count?
leukemia
110
What does a hemocytoblast do?
created all formed elements in blood
111
How are platelets created?
by Megakaryotcytes
112
What do platelets do?
involved in blood clotting
113
What is hematostasis?
Blood clotting
114
What are the three phases of hematostasis?
Vascular phase, Platelet phase, Coagulation phase
115
What occurs during the vascular phase of hematostasis?
Blood vessel is severed, smooth muscle inside blood vessel contracts restricting the amount of blood
116
What occurs during the platelet phase of hematostasis?
Platelets plug the hole
117
What occurs during the coagulation phase of hematostasis?
Prothrombin-->Prothrombinase-->thrombin-->turns fibrinogen (a soluble fiber) to fibrin (an insoluable fiber)
118
What can cause spontaneous bleeding?
lack of platlets
119
What presence determines blood type?
surface antigens
120
Type A blood would indicate a presence of what?
| what antibody would type A blood produce?
A surface antigen
| Anti B antibodies
121
Type B blood would indicate a presence of what?
| What antibody would type B blood produce?
B surface antigens
| Anti A antibodies
122
Type AB blood would indicate a presence of what?
| What antibody would type AB blood produce?
A & B surface antigens
| No antibodies, universal donor
123
Type O blood would indicate a presence of what?
| What antibodies would type O blood produce?
No surface antigens
| A and B antibodies
124
What type of blood is a universal donor?
O
125
What determines RH +/-?
whether RH is present or not
126
If you are RH -, does your body produce antibodies?
no, unless you are exposed to RH +
127
What are the ways blood maintains homeostasis?
Transport of gases, nutrients, waste products
Transport of processed molecules
Transport of regulatory molecules
Regulation of PH and osmosis
Maintence of body temp
Protection against foreign substances and microorganisms
Blood clotting prevents fluid and cell loss
128
What are formed elements in blood?
Erythtrocytes, Leukocytes, plateletes
129
Plasma is what percentage of blood?
55%
130
What percentage of blood is formed elements?
45%
131
When blood is bright red or scarlet it indicates the presence of what?
oxygen
132
When blood is dark red it is?
unoxygenated
133
Albumin makes of what percentage of plasma?
58%
134
Globulin makes up what percentage of plasma?
38%
135
Fibrinogen makes up what percentage of plasma?
4%
136
Erythrocytes make up how much percentage of blood?
| How much do leukocytes make up?
RBC 95%
| WBC 5%
137
How are blood cells renewed?
by hematocytoblasts in bone marrow
138
Hematopoiesis is what?
blood cell production
139
What gives rise to all formed elements?
hemocytoblasts
140
What functions in gas transport in RBCs?
hemoglobin
141
How much does hemoglobin account for in RBC?
a third
142
What does hemoglobin consist of?
Protien globulin-made up of two alpha and two beta chains each bound to the heme group
Each heme group contains a iron ion
143
How is carbon dioxide transported?
How much CO2 is chemically bound to hemoglobin?
How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma?
as bicarbonate (HCO3) 70%
Chemically bound to hemoglobin-23%
Dissolved -7%
144
What is the production of RBC's called?
erythropoiesis
145
What is a young red blood cell called?
reticulocyte
146
What is the formula for transport and exchange of carbon dioxide?
CO2+H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
| Carbon dioxide + water Carbonic acid Hydrogen Ion + Bicarbonate ion
147
What is the ratio of hemoglobin to hematocrit?
1 hemoglobin to 3 hematocrit
148
What is the definition of hemoglobin?
Oxygen carrying capacity of blood
149
What is hematocrit?
percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements
150
What is the cause of hypoxia?
too few RBCs
| decreased blood oxygen
151
What happens when there is too many RBCs
Undesirable blood viscosity
152
What is the protein that stimulates RBC production?
Erythropotien
153
What occurs to dying RBCs?
engulfed by macrophages
| heme and global are separated and iron is salvaged for reuse
154
How much of blood volume do WBCs make up?
1%
155
What type of cells are responsible for producing antibodies?
| **************
B-cells and plasma cells
156
What do monocytes differentiate into?
Macrophages
157
What is endothelium made of?
Simple squamous tissue lining the blood vessels and the heart
158
How is prothrombin converted to thrombin?
prothrombinase
159
How is fibrinogen converted to fibrin?
| **************
thrombin
160
What is thrombosis?
A stationary clot
161
What is Embolus?
A traveling clot
162
What do thrombosis and embolus have in common?
A clot occurs in an intact blood vessel
163
What is hemoloysis?
destruction of blood cells
164
What is given to RH- mothers during 2nd pregnancy?
RhoGram
165
Polycythemia is?
a increased number of RBC
166
What is leukocytosis?
A increased number of WBC
167
What does hematocrit do?
Estimates RBC percentage, may indicate anemia or polycythemia
168
What is atherosclerosis?
Blockage of blood vessels due to adipose tissue
169
What are transported substances?
nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, other
170
Albumins make up how much of plasma and what are thy responsible for?
58% maintaining osmotic pressure
171
Globulins account for how much of plasma and what are they responsible for?
38% of plasma and immune response
172
Fibrinogen accounts for how much of plasma and what is it responsible for?
4% and when clotting factors are activated it converts to fibrin
173
What are 95% of formed elements?
Erythrocytes (RBC)
174
The remaining 5% of formed elements are what?
leukocytes (WBC)
175
What does hemoglobin consist of?
four poly-peptide chains and four heme groups
176
Each polypeptide chain is called a __________ is bound to one ______, and each of these contains a _____ atom.
globin
heme
iron
177
70% of CO2 is transported in the form of ?
bicarbonate ions
178
What enzyme catalyzes the combination of CO2 and H20 ?
carbonic anhydrase
179
What do stem cells form? Which in turn give rise to red blood cell line
Proerythroblasts
180
What is the main bile pigment?
bilirubin
181
how do WBC's leave the blood?
| hint-movement
ameboid movement
182
What is a vascular spasm?
a immediate but temporary constriction of the blood vessel
183
What chemicals produce vascular spasms?
thromboxanes and endothelin
184
What is the von Willebrand factor?
von Willebrand factor forms a bridge between collagen and platelets by binding to platelet surface receptors and collegen
185
In a platelet release reaction, what chemicals do platelets release?
adenosin diphosphate and thromboxane resulting in the activation of platelets, which in turn releases more platelets
186
When becoming activated these platelets express surface receptors called what?
fibrogen receptors
187
In platelet aggregation what occurs?
Fibrogen from bridges between fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets resulting in a platelet plug
188
What is a blood clot?
network of threadlike protein fibers called fibrin that traps blood cells, platelets and fluid
189
What does prothrombinase do?
converts prothrombin into thrombin
| Thrombin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin
190
What are two anitcoagulants in blood?
Antithrombin and heparin
191
A stationary clot is called a?
thrombus
192
A moving clot is called a?
embolus
193
When a clot begins to condense into a more compact structure it is called?
clot retraction
194
Clots are dissolved by?
fibrinolysis
195
What is it called when a mother produces anti RH antibodies ?
hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis
196
What is the order from largest to smallest percentage of CO2 Transport?
1) Bicarbonate Ions
2) Combined w/blood proteins
3) dissolved in plasma
197
What substances are required for normal RBC production?
folate, vitamin K, iron
198
What changes will happen in blood when entering a vigorus training program?
Increase in erythropoietin production and number of reticulocytes
199
What occurs to globin during the destruction of a RBC?
broken down into amino acids
200
Cells that promote inflammation are?
All of them, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages
201
Most numerous WBC?
neutrophils
202
The chemical involved in the breakdown of a clot is?
plasmin
