Blood

Question 1

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?

Answer 1

55%

Question 2

Buffy coat (WBC/Platelles) make up what percent of blood?

Answer 2

<1%

Question 3

Erythrocytes make up what percent of blood?

Answer 3

45% (hematocrit)

Question 4

Function of blood?

Answer 4

Distribution
  -gases, nutrients, hormones, stem cells
Regulation
  -thermo, pH balance, blood volume
Protection
  -WBCs, hemostasis (blood clotting)

Question 5

Plasma Compostion

Answer 5

Proteins
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Waste
Blood Gasses

Question 6

Plasma Proteins

Answer 6

Albumin (60%)
Globulin (36%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
Hormone Enzymes (<1%)

Question 7

Albumin

Answer 7

Makes up 60% of proteins found in plasma

• LARGE protein
• Heavy = has a negative charge
• can NOT leave circulation due to size
• Osmotic = attraction to H2O

Question 8

Globulin

Answer 8

Makes up 36% of proteins found in blood plasma

• alpha = antibodies
• beta = transport proteins (for steroids, etc…)
• gamma = immunoglobins

Question 9

Fibrinogen

Answer 9

Makes of 4% of blood plasma proteins

• Solvable protein
• enzyme turns it to fibrin = blood clot
  - cell damage activates enzyme

Question 10

Plasma nutrients include:

Answer 10

glucose
lactate
amino acids
vitamins
minerals
cholesterol

Question 11

Plasma electrolytes include:

Answer 11

Na+ (90%)
K+
Cl-
H+

Question 12

Plasma wastes include:

Answer 12

CO2
Urea
Ammonia
-both urea/ammonia used for transport of harmful respiration byproducts

Question 13

Eurytrocytes

Answer 13

RBCs

Question 14

Hemopoesis

Answer 14

Formation of blood cells

Question 15

Eurthropoesis

Answer 15

Formation of RBCs

Question 16

Characteristics of RBCs

Answer 16

• Bi-concave = increase Surface Area
• NO ORGANELLES = DEAD = CANNOT REGENERATE
• flexible

Question 17

hemoglobin

Answer 17

• Protein in RBC that carries O2
• 250 mil per RBC
• broken into 4 heme groups
  - each heme group carries 1 O2 molecule
• 1 RBC can carry 1 billion O2 molecules

Question 18

Function of RBC?

Answer 18

Transport O2
Binds and release nitric oxide
-vasodialator = increased blood flow

Question 19

Creation of RBC (7 steps)

Answer 19

1- Hypoxia = lack of O2 or hypoxemia = lack of O2 in blood
2- Liver/kidneys sense low levels of O2
3- Erythropoietin secreted (EPO)
4- Stimulation of red bone marrow (hemocytoblast)
5- Accelerated erythropoiesis
6- increased RBC count
7- increased blood O2 transport

Question 20

Decomp of RBC

Answer 20

broken up by liver/spleen

heme, iron, globing recycled

Question 21

Granuloacytes Include

Answer 21

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
basophiles

Question 22

Agranulocytes Include:

Answer 22

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

Question 23

Neutrophil

Answer 23

60% of WBCs

• 1st @ wound/infection site
• vesicles w/ lysozomes
• phagocytises and lyse pathogens
• destroys BACTERIA/FUNGI

Question 24

Eosinophil

Answer 24

1-3% of WBCs

-respond to allergens/parasites

Question 25

Basophils

Answer 25

``` Secretes heparin (anti-coagulant) = ^ blood flow Secretes histamine (vasodialator) = ^blood flow Responds to allergies/invadors (INFLAMMATION RESPONSE) ```

Question 26

Lymphocyte

Answer 26

Involved in specific immunity - T-lymphocytes = thymus - B lymphocytes = bone marrow - produce anti-bodies Respond to virus AND bacteria

Question 27

Monocyte

Answer 27

become macrophage upon diapedesis

Question 28

Diapedesis

Answer 28

Process where a monocytes leaces vascular system through a cleft

Question 29

Leukocyte Development

Answer 29

- Cytokins released by luekocytes & inflammation (cell damage) - Stimulates stem cells & leukocytes = reproduction

Question 30

Chemotaxis

Answer 30

movement along chemical gradient | -how WBCs locate wound site

Question 31

hemostasis

Answer 31

Stoppage of blood flow or clotting

Question 32

Platelets are derived from what cell?

Answer 32

Mega karyocyte ==> breaks into many platelets

Question 33

Steps of Hemostasis (3 steps)

Answer 33

1- VASOSPASM - SM contracts - chemical release (cytokines) - platelet activation = releases seatonin = vasoconstrictor 2- Platelet Plug -platelets become sticky and form plug 3- Coagulation -fibrinogen turned into fibrin (insoluble) via enzyme thrombin

Question 34

Synthetic version of hemostasis is:

Answer 34

coterizing - uses heat to denature proteins such as fibrinogen to fibrin - EXCEPT FOR BONE TISSUE - bees wax used to clot