Blood

Question 1

Which WBC is most commonly found in blood?

What percentage of blood does it make up?

Answer 1

Neutrophils

50-70%

Question 2

Which types of WBC defends against parasites?

Answer 2

Eosinophils

Basophils

Question 3

What percentage of blood is made up by plasma?

Answer 3

55%

Question 4

What does blood plasma contain?

Answer 4

Albumin
Immunoglobulins
Fibrinogen

Question 5

Does blood plasma or serrum contain clotting factors?

Answer 5

Plasma

Question 6

Which blood group is most common?

Answer 6

O

Question 7

Which blood group is more prevelant in:

1) Asia?
2) Europe?

Answer 7

1) B

2) A

Question 8

Which antigen detects rhesus on RBC membrane?

Answer 8

D antigen

Question 9

Is it more common to be Rh+ve or Rh-ve?

Answer 9

Rh+ve

Question 10

What is neoplasia?

Answer 10

Uncontrolled cell growth

Question 11

Name 3 causes of haemotological malignancy

Answer 11

1) Point mutations (UV)
2) Chromosome translocation
3) Viral genes

Question 12

What are the functions of:

1) Oncogenes
2) Tumour suppressor genes

Answer 12

1) Overactive cell division

2) Suppression of cell division

Question 13

Where is myeloid neoplasm located?

Is it acute or chronic?

Answer 13

Leukaemia - blood

Acute

Question 14

Where is lymphoid neoplasm located?

Is it acute or chronic?

Answer 14

Lymphoma - lymph nodes

Chronic

Question 15

Which type of anaemia results due to iron deficiency?

Answer 15

Microcytic

Question 16

What causes macrocytic anaemia?

Answer 16

Folate/Vitamin 12 deficiency

Question 17

What type of anaemia results due to blood loss exceeding capability of haemopoiesis of bone marrow?

Answer 17

Normocytic

Question 18

Name 3 causes of haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 18

1) RBC cytoskeletal defects
2) RBC enzyme defects - G6PD
3) Haemoglobin defects

Question 19

What mutation causes sickle cell anaemia?

Answer 19

Point mutation in Beta chain of Hb from Glu(tamic acid) 6 to Val(ine)

Question 20

What are the 2 causes of thalassaemia?

Answer 20

1) Large deletions of a-globin

2) Point mutations in B-globin gene

Question 21

Which clotting factor complexes are Vitamin K dependent?

Answer 21

Tissue factor
FV
FVII
FVIII
FIX
FX

Question 22

Which clotting factors are Vitamin K dependent?

Answer 22

FVII
FIX
FX
Prothrombin
Protein C
Protein S

Question 23

What post-translational modification is Vitamin K responsible for?

Answer 23

Glu –> Gla (gamma-carboxyglutamic acid )

Question 24

What type of inheritence pattern is haemophilia?

Answer 24

X-linked recessive

Question 25

What are the 4 types of vWD?

Answer 25

Type 1 = heterozygous (dominant) Type 2 = functional deficiency (dominant) Type 3 = complete deficiency (recessive) Platelet = mutation in GP1

Question 26

What is the role of vWF in platelet adhesion/aggregation?

Answer 26

vWF binded by GP1 binds collagen | vWF and fibrinogen bind AIIbB3

Question 27

Which type of vWD is always associated with severe bleeding phenotype?

Answer 27

Type 3

Question 28

What are: 1) Thrombocytopenia 2) Thrombasthenia and what are the most common causes of them?

Answer 28

1) Loss of platelets 2) Dysfunction of platelets Causes: aquired = leukaemia, bleeding, DIC inherited = CAMT (production), Glanzmann's (function)

Question 29

Which 2 factor deficiencies cause one of the most severe forms of spontaneous bleeding?

Answer 29

FVIII and IX

Question 30

``` Which of the following are disorders from venous thrombosis: DVT Atrial fibrilation MI Stroke PE PVD ```

Answer 30

DVT | PE

Question 31

What are the genetic risk factors of venous thrombosis?

Answer 31

FV Leiden mutation | Coagulation inhibitor deficiencies

Question 32

What 3 characteristics make up Virchow's thrombosis triad?

Answer 32

Circulatory stasis Endothelial injury Hypercoagulable state

Question 33

What does antithrombin inhibit?

Answer 33

Thrombin FXa FIXa

Question 34

What does tissue factor pathway inhibitor inhibit?

Answer 34

FVIIa/TF and FXa

Question 35

What does activated protein C (aPC) inactivate?

Answer 35

FVa | FVIIIa

Question 36

What does protein S do?

Answer 36

Cofactor for aPC in the inactivation of FVa and FVIIIa

Question 37

FV Leiden: | How many peptide bonds does aPC cleave in FVa?

Answer 37

3

Question 38

FV Leiden: | What mutation exists in FVa cleavage site?

Answer 38

Arg 506 (G) --> Glu 506 (A)

Question 39

Which types of collagen activate platelets via GP1 receptor?

Answer 39

Type 1 and 3

Question 40

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) activate platelets via which receptor?

Answer 40

P2Y

Question 41

Which 3 antiplatelets are used to treat athero-thrombosis?

Answer 41

1) Aspirin - inhibits COX1 and thromboxane production 2) Anti a2B3 3) Anti P2Y

Question 42

True or false: | Arterial thrombi are platelet rich and venous thrombi are erythrocyte/fibrin rich?

Answer 42

True