Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the 3 basic layer of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells - endothelial cells
Supported by a basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

Predominately smooth muscle

Thickness of layer varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes up the tunica adventitia?

A

Supporting connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What separates the tunica layers?

A

Internal elastic membrane separates TI from TM

External elastic membrane separates TM frrom TA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

Endothelial cell

Basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do capillaries drain?

A

Post-capillary venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are post-capillary venules made of?

A

Endothelial cell lines

Thin layer of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What changes a post-capillary venule to a venule?

A

When the vessel begins to acquire intermittent smooth muscle in the tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structure of veins

A

Normal tunica intima
Thin but continuous tunica media, consisting of a few layers of smooth muscle
An obvious tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Structure of artery

A

Thick tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

45% formed elements

55% plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

90% water
proteins
nutrients
salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes up the formed elements?

A

Red Cells
White cells
Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What types of white cells are present in the blood?

A

Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes - lymphocytes, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can blood be separated?

A

Spinning in a centrifuge
Red cells are densest so are found at bottom after spinning
White cells next and plasma on top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are most proteins in the blood produced?

What are they?

A

Liver

Serum albumin, clotting factors and complement components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the roles of albumin?

A

Maintain osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Structure of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave discs

7 microns in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are mature erythrocytes not true cells?

A

They have no nucleus or organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Strucutre of mature erythrocytes

A

1/3 volume haemoglobin
Contain a network of flexible cytoskeletal elements allowing them to deform and slip through spaces smaller than themselves
Mammalian erythrocytes lack nuclei
Non-mammalian vertebrates have nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

In the lungs it picks up oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin

Delivers the oxygen to the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported back to lungs?

A

70% dissolved in the plasma

30% bound to haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How long do erythrocytes last in circulation?
Approx 4 months | Removed by spleen and liver
26
What is a rouleau?
A stack of erythrocytes | May indicate disease
27
Proportions of white blood cells
``` neutrophils - 40-75% eosinophils - 5% basophils - 0.5% lymphocytes - 20-50% monocytes - 1-5% ```
28
Structure of neutrophils
Cytoplasm contains mainly granules | Prominent, multi-lobed nucleus = polymorphonuclear leukocytes
29
What is the role of neutrophils?
Circulate in an inactive state Stimulated by presence of bacteria or inflammation Enter the tissue as highly motile phagocytes that ingest bacteria or damaged cells Abundant and short-lived which means that a significant portion of bone marrow is devoted to their production
30
Role of eosinophils
Released from marrow and circulate for 8-12 hours Then move into tissue (spleen, lymph nodes and GI tract) where most eosinophils live Induce and maintain inflammation, particularly in allergic reactions and asthma Also fight parasitic infection
31
Structure of eosinophils
Slightly larger than neutrophils | Bilobed nucleus
32
Structure of basophils
Prominent granules in cytoplasm | Bilobed nucleus but often obscured by granules
33
Role of basophils
Act as effector cells in allergic reactions Directed against particular allergens and bind their antigen to stimulate granule release Leads to hayfever, allergic asthma or dermatitis
34
What cells are basophils similar to?
Mast cells
35
Structure of monocytes
Found in bone marrow and blood Numerous small lysosomal granules Largest cells circulating in blood, particularly found in loose connective tissue Non-lobulated nucleus which often appears as kidney bean shaped
36
Role of monocytes
Serve as precursors of tissue macrophages | Together they form the mononuclear phagocyte system
37
What members of the mononuclear phagocytic system remain resident in particular tissues?
Kupffer cells in the liver | Microglia in the brain
38
Structure of lymphocytes
Round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm with no visible granules Two classes - B cells and T cells
39
Role of lymphocytes
Participate in specific immune response B cells give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells T cells form a complex set of cells that perform many defense functions
40
What are platelets?
Small cell fragments about 2 microns in diamter Found in large numbers in blood Play a key role in homeostasis
41
Role of platelets
Hemostasis - platelets adhere to the site of damage, aggregate and degranulate Activate production of fibrin which participates in clot formation
42
Where is the earliest site of erythrocyte formation during development?
Outside the embryo in the yolk sac about 3 weeks gestation
43
Where is the principal site of blood formation in the second trimester?
Liver
44
Where is the main site of blood formation by birth?
Bone marrow | As bones enlarge during growth, there is excess capacity so hemopoiesis is shut down in many bones
45
By skeletal maturity, where retains hemopoiesis?
``` Vertebrae Ribs Skull Pelvis Proximal femurs ```
46
What are the four classes of stem cells?
Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Committed progenitor cells Can all reproduce themselves, maintaining the pool of stem cells
47
Function of totipotent stem cells
Form all cell types of the adult plus any extra embryonic tissue produced during development e.g - fertilised ovum
48
Function of pluripotent stem cells
Give rise to all functional cell types of the animal | e.g. - embryonic stem cells, hemopoietic stem cells
49
Function of multipotent stem cells
Give rise to a restricted set of cell types | e.g. - lymphoid stem cells
50
Function of committed progenitor cells
Can produce only one cell type | e.g. - CFU-E cells produce only erythrocytes
51
What are megakaryocytes?
Giant cells found in bone marrow
52
What controls the production of blood cells in the bone marrow?
A complex set of growth factors and hrmones
53
What do locally produced growth promoters include?
Several colony stimulating factors
54
What do systemic factors include?
Several of the interleukins produced by leukocytes
55
What does erythropoietin stimulate and where is it produced?
Produced in kidney | Stimulates erythrocyte production
56
What are the 3 stages of blood cell production?
Proliferation Differentiation Maturation
57
What do the granules of neutrophils contain?
Numerous enzymes and microbicidal agents
58
What do the granules of eosinophils contain?
A variety of hydrolytic enzymes and they have a variety of surface receptors
59
What do the granules of basophils contain?
Histamine, heparin and other inflammatory mediators
60
What is a reticulocyte?
An erythrocyte after it develops and matures through steps that include production of haemoglobin and extrusion of the nucleus
61
Why is termed a reticulocyte?
Because of the granules of RNA in their cytoplasm
62
How long do reticulocytes last?
They circulate for 1-2 days in the blood stream before RNA is lost and a mature RBC is formed
63
What is the blood brain barrier induced by?
Astrocytes (induced by, not formed by)

Histology 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions