Blood

Question 1

Intro

Answer 1

• blood is a liquid connective tissue made up of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
• formed elements are the various kinds of blood cells
• 3 general functions: transportation, regulation, and protection

Question 2

Formed elements of blood

Answer 2

• 45% total blood volume

- RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Question 3

Blood volume

Answer 3

• about 8% of total body weight in average-sized adults
• blood volume varies according to age, body type, sex, and method of measurement
• females = 4-5L
• males = 5-6L

Question 4

Hematocrit

Answer 4

The volume percent of red blood cells in whole blood (centrifuge)

Question 5

Blood plasma

Answer 5

• plasma = whole blood - formed elements
• the liquid part of blood; clear, straw-colored fluid made of 90% water and 10% solutes
• maintains normal circulation
• solutes 6-8% of plasma solutes are proteins, consisting of 3 main compounds
  1. Albumins: maintain osmotic balance of blood
  2. Globulins: essential component of the immunity mechanism
  3. Fibrinogen: key role in blood clotting

Question 6

Erythrocytes

Answer 6

Bicóncavo discs to increase surface area

• hemoglobin: red protein pigment is the primary component
• RBCs are the most numerous of the formed elements

Question 7

Functions of RBCs

Answer 7

• transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body
• both of these functions depend on hemoglobin (280 million hemoglobin molecules/RBC)
• the total surface area of all RBCs in an adult is enormous

Question 8

Hemoglobin

Answer 8

• approx 200-300 million molecules of hemoglobin within each RBC
• each hemoglobin is made of 4 protein chains
• each protein chain is bound to red pigment which contains one iron atom (heme group)
• the structure allows each hemoglobin molecule to attach with four O2 which allows RBC to transport O2 where it it needed

Question 9

Anemia

Answer 9

Lack of blood

• used to describe a reduction in the number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood
• an adult who has a hemoglobin content of less than 10g/100ml of blood

Question 10

Erythropoiesis

Answer 10

Entire process of RBC formation

• RBC formation begins in the red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells that go through several stages of development to become erythrocytes
• the entire maturation process requires approx 4 days
• myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
• RBC are formed and destroyed at a rate of approx 100 million/min in an adult
• RBC production speeds up if blood oxygen levels reaching the tissues decrease
• oxygen deficiency increases RBC numbers by increasing the excretion of a hormone named EPO (erythropoietin)

Question 11

Destruction of RBC

Answer 11

• life span avg = 105-120 days
• they often break apart, in capillaries as they age
• macrophage cells ingest and destroy the aged abnormal, or fragmented RBC
• iron is returned to the bone marrow for use in synthesis of new hemoglobin

Question 12

Blood types

Answer 12

Refers to the type of cell markers or antigens present on RBC membranes
- presence or absence of these antigens determines a persons blood type

Question 13

ABO pic

Answer 13

Pic

Question 14

ABO pic

Answer 14

Pic

Question 15

ABO explanation

Answer 15

A) antigen A
B) antigen B
AB) both antigen A and antigen B; universal recipient
O) neither antigen A nor antigen B RBS; universal donor

Question 16

leukocytes

Answer 16

WBC (5 types)

• classified according to the presence or absence of granules and the staining quality of cytoplasm
• granular: include 3 WBC that have large granules in cytoplasm
• agranular: include 2 WBC without cytoplasmic granules

Question 17

Granulocytes vs agranulocytes

Answer 17

Never Eat Bananas Like Monkeys 
G:
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils 
A:
1. Lymphocytes 
2. Monocytes

Question 18

Granulocytes

Answer 18

• make up approx 65% of total WBC in normal blood sample
• active phagocytosis cells
• migrate out of blood vessels and enter the tissue space
• early responders to tissue damage. Release enzymes that can lose bacteria and oxidants (defensins) that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity

Question 19

Eosinophils

Answer 19

• typically 2-5% of circulating WBC
• weak phagocytes, but are capable of ingesting antigen-antibody complexes
• provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions
• release enzymes like histaminase

Question 20

Basophils

Answer 20

• Least numerous of WBC (only 0.5-1%)

- these granules intensify inflammation during allergic reactions (histamine - heparin - serotonin)

Question 21

Lymphocytes

Answer 21

• smallest of WBC
• second most numerous type of WBC, next to neutrophils
• account for approx 25% OF CIRCULATING WBC
• T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killers (NK)

Question 22

Monocytes

Answer 22

Largest type of leukocyte

• migrate from the blood into the tissues where they enlarge and differentiate into macrophages
• they are mobile and highly phagocytosis cells
• capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells

Question 23

WBC numbers

Answer 23

• microliter of normal blood usually contains 5000-10000 leukocytes
• WBC numbers have clinical significance because they change with certain abnormal conditions

Question 24

Formation of WBC

Answer 24

• granular and agranular leukocytes mature from the undifferentiated hemopoietic stem cell
• Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate in red bone marrow; most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from hemopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells) in lymphatic tissue

Question 25

Platelets

Answer 25

- small, nearly colorless bodies that usually appear as irregular spindles or oval discs - 3 physical properties of platelets 1. Agglutination 2. Adhesiveness 3. Aggregation

Question 26

Hemostasis

Answer 26

The stoppage of blood flow and may occur as an end result of any one of several body defense mechanisms - mechanisms to reduce blood loss: vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation - reduces infection risk

Question 27

Functions of platelets

Answer 27

- important roles in hemostasis and blood coagulation - 1-5 sec after injury to a blood capillary, platelets will adhere to the damaged lining of the vessel and to each other to form a hemostatic platelet plug that helps stop the flow of blood into the tissues

Question 28

Formation of platelets

Answer 28

- formation of platelets is refereed to as thrombopoiesis - formation and life span of platelets is typically 7-10 days - formed in red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen

Question 29

Blood clotting

Answer 29

- when necessary formed elements of blood become trapped in a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin = blood clot - coagulation - if blood clots too easily = thrombosis - if blood takes too long to clot = hemorrhage

Question 30

Current explanation of coagulation

Answer 30

Production of prothrombinase activated by the following pathways - extrinsic pathway: chemicals released from damaged tissues - intrinsic pathway: chemicals present in the blood Stage 2: conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Stage 3: conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and production of fibrin clot

Question 31

Conditions that oppose clotting

Answer 31

- the perfectly smooth surface of an intact blood vessel is opposed to clotting - platelets won’t adhere to such a smooth surface - blood contains antithrombins which are substances that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevent thrombin from converting to fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 32

Conditions that hasten clotting

Answer 32

- rough spots in the endothelium (atherosclerosis or fatty deposits in blood vessels) - abnormally slow blood flow (immobilizations like surgery and bed rest)

Question 33

Blood cell pic

Answer 33

Pic

Question 34

Blood disorders 1. WBC 2. RBC 3. Clotting disorders

Answer 34

1. Anemia 2. Multiple myeloma; leukemia 3. Hemophilia (inherited deficiency of clotting)