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I&I > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What’s πŸ”΄(Erythocyte)?

A 
biconcave πŸ’Ώ
no nucleus,dna,rna,mitochondria
Average life span ~ 120 days
Diameter ~ 8 ΞΌm
Thickness ~ 2 ΞΌm
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2
Q

What’s β“Œ(Leukocyte)?

A

colourless

types: neutrophils +lymphocytes

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3
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear–irregular, multi-lobed nucleus

Granulocytes – have prominent cytoplasmic granules

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4
Q

Types of granulocytes +stain?

A

Neutrophils – weakly staining COMMON
Eosinophils – red w eosin 1-4%
Basophils –blue/purple w basic dyes <0.5%

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5
Q

What are mononuclear cells +eg?

A

Large, regular nuclei
Lack granules
Eg Monocytes(largest β“Œ) + Lymphocytes

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6
Q

What’s 🍽️(Thrombocytes)?

A

Cytoplasmic fragments
No nucleus
Membrane bound
Has granules

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7
Q

Where does blood originate?

A

Bone marrow has stem cells which produce mature blood cells

Bone marrow has many immature cells

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8
Q

How to treat blood diseases?

A

Bone marrow transplantation

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9
Q

What’s Plasma?

A

fluid containing

  • H2O
  • salts
  • proteins
  • organic ∞-metabolites,carbohydrates,lipids
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10
Q

Cations of plasma?

A

Na+

Also K+, Ca2+, Mg2+,H+

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11
Q

Anions of plasma?

A

Cl-

Also bicarbonate, phosphate, sulphate,organic anions

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12
Q

Diff between plasma + serum?

A

Plasma-fluid of blood

Serum-fluid after clotting

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13
Q

What do you use if a blood test needs unclotted blood?

A

Use anticoagulant eg EDTA

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14
Q

Features of plasma 🐟?

A

Normal: 7-9% of plasma is 🐟
Complex- 1000s of diff 🐟
But > 90% albumin

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15
Q

Functions of blood?

A

🚌
Defence
🏠

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16
Q

🚌 what?

A

Carry O2/ nutrients β†’ tissues
Remove CO2 / other waste from tissues
Transport hormones from production sites β†’ action site

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17
Q

How πŸ”΄πŸšŒ?

A

-Transport oxygen from lungs→tissues
-Help in removal of CO2 from tissues→lungs
Most CO2 carried as bicarbonate in plasma
πŸ”΄π”Ό carbonic anhydrase dissolves CO2 in plasma at tissues, comes out of solution at lungs

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18
Q

What’s Hb?

A

🐟 tetramer made up of 4 polypeptide chains-
2 Ξ± globin chains
2 Ξ² globin chains

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19
Q

Function of globin chains?

A

Carries haem ∞ which holds Fe2+ ,O2 binds reversibly by a coordination bond

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20
Q

What’s a pulse oximetry?

A

Measures the colour of the Hb- determines if patient is hypoxic

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21
Q

How much Hb in πŸ”΄?

A

300,000,000 Hb ∞ in each πŸ”΄

50% of πŸ”΄ occupied by Hb

22
Q

How plasma 🚌?

A

Carries soluble metabolites in solution

23
Q

How plasma 🐟🚌?

A
  • Carry poorly soluble substances eg lipids,lipid soluble hormones, vit
  • Carry metal ions eg Ca2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ ∡ toxic in blood + prevent πŸ›using it
24
Q

All purpose carrier in plasma?

A

Albumin

25
Q

Specialised carriers in plasma?

A

Thyroxine binding globulin TBG-carries thyroxine

Transferrin-carries ion

26
Q

How neutrophils defend?

A

Phagocytoses + kills πŸ›πŸ„- mediates INNATE

27
Q

How lymphocytes defend?

A 
Produce antibodies,kills virus infected cells
Mediates ADAPTIVE (acquired)
28
Q

How eosinophils defend?

A

Kills parasites, allergies

29
Q

How basophils defend?

A

Kills parasites, allergies, inflammation

30
Q

How monocytes defend?

A

Form macrophages phagocytose dead cells,

pathogens

31
Q

How plasma provides immune defence?

A
  • Ig: made by B-lymphocytes+act as antibodies

- Complement 🐟:kill πŸ› + pathogens, cooperates w Ig +β“Œ

32
Q

How platelets defend?

A

-1α΅’ Haemostasis: recognise damage at blood vessel wall –> form a platelet plug(insecure temporary) –> prevent bleeding

33
Q

How plasma defends via Haemostasis?

A

Has plasma 🐟 Fibrinogen –> Fibrin –> Fibrin clot (reinforces platelet plug)
Clotting factors control process

34
Q

What’s 🏠?

A

Keeping the internal environment of the body constant:

  • pH 7.4
  • controlling distribution of H2O + solutes
  • distributing heat
35
Q

What disorders disturb plasma 🏠?

A 
Kidney
Liver
Lungs
CVS
Endocrine organs
36
Q

Vital part of diagnosis+treatment?

A

Plasma analysis

37
Q

Blood V?

A

5L

38
Q

Plasma V?

A

2.5-3L

39
Q

What’s Haematocrit (Ht)+what does it diagnose?

A

Packed cell volume (PCV)
=V of cells/ Total V
Diagnoses TYPE of anaemia

40
Q

Normal Ht value?

A

~0.4 – 0.5

41
Q

Plasma 🏠?

A

pH, Ion conc, 🐟 conc

42
Q

What does FBC involve?

A 
Hb conc (Hb in g/l)
Mean πŸ”΄volume (MCV)
Mean πŸ”΄ Hb content (MCHC)
Haematocrit (Ht or Hc)
Total β“Œ count (WBC)
43
Q

What does Hb conc do +what does it diagnose?

A

Overall conc of Hb in the blood

Diagnoses anaemia

44
Q

What does MCV do+ what does it diagnose?

A

Size of the rbcs

Diagnoses TYPE of anaemia

45
Q

What does MCHC do +what does it diagnose?

A

How much Hb in eachπŸ”΄

Diagnoses TYPE of anaemia

46
Q

What does WBC do +what does it diagnose?

A

Neutrophil + lymphocyte count

Diagnoses infection

47
Q

What does liver function tests LFTs do?

A

Albumin conc
Liver 𝔼 (released from damaged liver cells)
Clotting factors

48
Q

What does urea and electrolytes UandE do?

A

Test kidney function + metabolic abnormalities

49
Q

What does blood glucose do?

A

Tests for diabetes mellitus

50
Q

What does lipid profile do?

A

Triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL+ HDL

Risk of ❀ disease

I&I (4 decks)

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