Blood

Question 1

What’s 🔴(Erythocyte)?

Answer 1

biconcave 💿
no nucleus,dna,rna,mitochondria
Average life span ~ 120 days
Diameter ~ 8 μm
Thickness ~ 2 μm

Question 2

What’s Ⓦ(Leukocyte)?

Answer 2

colourless

types: neutrophils +lymphocytes

Question 3

What are neutrophils?

Answer 3

Polymorphonuclear–irregular, multi-lobed nucleus

Granulocytes – have prominent cytoplasmic granules

Question 4

Types of granulocytes +stain?

Answer 4

Neutrophils – weakly staining COMMON
Eosinophils – red w eosin 1-4%
Basophils –blue/purple w basic dyes <0.5%

Question 5

What are mononuclear cells +eg?

Answer 5

Large, regular nuclei
Lack granules
Eg Monocytes(largest Ⓦ) + Lymphocytes

Question 6

What’s 🍽️(Thrombocytes)?

Answer 6

Cytoplasmic fragments
No nucleus
Membrane bound
Has granules

Question 7

Where does blood originate?

Answer 7

Bone marrow has stem cells which produce mature blood cells

Bone marrow has many immature cells

Question 8

How to treat blood diseases?

Answer 8

Bone marrow transplantation

Question 9

What’s Plasma?

Answer 9

fluid containing

• H2O
• salts
• proteins
• organic ∞-metabolites,carbohydrates,lipids

Question 10

Cations of plasma?

Answer 10

Na+

Also K+, Ca2+, Mg2+,H+

Question 11

Anions of plasma?

Answer 11

Cl-

Also bicarbonate, phosphate, sulphate,organic anions

Question 12

Diff between plasma + serum?

Answer 12

Plasma-fluid of blood

Serum-fluid after clotting

Question 13

What do you use if a blood test needs unclotted blood?

Answer 13

Use anticoagulant eg EDTA

Question 14

Features of plasma 🐟?

Answer 14

Normal: 7-9% of plasma is 🐟
Complex- 1000s of diff 🐟
But > 90% albumin

Question 15

Functions of blood?

Answer 15

🚌
Defence
🏠

Question 16

🚌 what?

Answer 16

Carry O2/ nutrients → tissues
Remove CO2 / other waste from tissues
Transport hormones from production sites → action site

Question 17

How 🔴🚌?

Answer 17

-Transport oxygen from lungs→tissues
-Help in removal of CO2 from tissues→lungs
Most CO2 carried as bicarbonate in plasma
🔴𝔼 carbonic anhydrase dissolves CO2 in plasma at tissues, comes out of solution at lungs

Question 18

What’s Hb?

Answer 18

🐟 tetramer made up of 4 polypeptide chains-
2 α globin chains
2 β globin chains

Question 19

Function of globin chains?

Answer 19

Carries haem ∞ which holds Fe2+ ,O2 binds reversibly by a coordination bond

Question 20

What’s a pulse oximetry?

Answer 20

Measures the colour of the Hb- determines if patient is hypoxic

Question 21

How much Hb in 🔴?

Answer 21

300,000,000 Hb ∞ in each 🔴

50% of 🔴 occupied by Hb

Question 22

How plasma 🚌?

Answer 22

Carries soluble metabolites in solution

Question 23

How plasma 🐟🚌?

Answer 23

• Carry poorly soluble substances eg lipids,lipid soluble hormones, vit
• Carry metal ions eg Ca2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ ∵ toxic in blood + prevent 🐛using it

Question 24

All purpose carrier in plasma?

Answer 24

Albumin

Question 25

Specialised carriers in plasma?

Answer 25

Thyroxine binding globulin TBG-carries thyroxine | Transferrin-carries ion

Question 26

How neutrophils defend?

Answer 26

Phagocytoses + kills 🐛🍄- mediates INNATE

Question 27

How lymphocytes defend?

Answer 27

``` Produce antibodies,kills virus infected cells Mediates ADAPTIVE (acquired) ```

Question 28

How eosinophils defend?

Answer 28

Kills parasites, allergies

Question 29

How basophils defend?

Answer 29

Kills parasites, allergies, inflammation

Question 30

How monocytes defend?

Answer 30

Form macrophages phagocytose dead cells, | pathogens

Question 31

How plasma provides immune defence?

Answer 31

- Ig: made by B-lymphocytes+act as antibodies | - Complement 🐟:kill 🐛 + pathogens, cooperates w Ig +Ⓦ

Question 32

How platelets defend?

Answer 32

-1ᵒ Haemostasis: recognise damage at blood vessel wall --> form a platelet plug(insecure temporary) --> prevent bleeding

Question 33

How plasma defends via Haemostasis?

Answer 33

Has plasma 🐟 Fibrinogen --> Fibrin --> Fibrin clot (reinforces platelet plug) Clotting factors control process

Question 34

What's 🏠?

Answer 34

Keeping the internal environment of the body constant: - pH 7.4 - controlling distribution of H2O + solutes - distributing heat

Question 35

What disorders disturb plasma 🏠?

Answer 35

``` Kidney Liver Lungs CVS Endocrine organs ```

Question 36

Vital part of diagnosis+treatment?

Answer 36

Plasma analysis

Question 37

Blood V?

Answer 37

5L

Question 38

Plasma V?

Answer 38

2.5-3L

Question 39

What's Haematocrit (Ht)+what does it diagnose?

Answer 39

Packed cell volume (PCV) =V of cells/ Total V Diagnoses TYPE of anaemia

Question 40

Normal Ht value?

Answer 40

~0.4 – 0.5

Question 41

Plasma 🏠?

Answer 41

pH, Ion conc, 🐟 conc

Question 42

What does FBC involve?

Answer 42

``` Hb conc (Hb in g/l) Mean 🔴volume (MCV) Mean 🔴 Hb content (MCHC) Haematocrit (Ht or Hc) Total Ⓦ count (WBC) ```

Question 43

What does Hb conc do +what does it diagnose?

Answer 43

Overall conc of Hb in the blood | Diagnoses anaemia

Question 44

What does MCV do+ what does it diagnose?

Answer 44

Size of the rbcs | Diagnoses TYPE of anaemia

Question 45

What does MCHC do +what does it diagnose?

Answer 45

How much Hb in each🔴 | Diagnoses TYPE of anaemia

Question 46

What does WBC do +what does it diagnose?

Answer 46

Neutrophil + lymphocyte count | Diagnoses infection

Question 47

What does liver function tests LFTs do?

Answer 47

Albumin conc Liver 𝔼 (released from damaged liver cells) Clotting factors

Question 48

What does urea and electrolytes UandE do?

Answer 48

Test kidney function + metabolic abnormalities

Question 49

What does blood glucose do?

Answer 49

Tests for diabetes mellitus

Question 50

What does lipid profile do?

Answer 50

Triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL+ HDL | Risk of ❤ disease