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Histology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Name the 3 layers of blood vessels

A
  1. Inner layer: tunica intima
  2. Middle layer: tunica media
  3. Outer layer: tunica adventitia
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2
Q

What layer varies tremendously between different blood vessels

A

The tunica media; much thicker in larger arteries

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3
Q

What is the tunica adventitia made up of

A

Supporting connective tissue

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4
Q

Name the network of blood vessels that supply the main blood vessels

A

Vaso vasorum

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5
Q

What membrane separates the tunica intima and tunica media

A

Internal elastic membrane

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6
Q

What membrane separates the tunica media and tunica adventitia

A

External elastic membrane

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7
Q

Name the three different types of capillary

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Discontinuous or sinusoidal
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8
Q

What are capillaries made up of

A

An endothelial cell and basal lamina

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9
Q

What do capillary networks drain into

A

Post-capillary venules (10-30um diameter)

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10
Q

What do venules contain that post-capillary venules do not

A

Intermittent smooth muscle cells in their tunica media layer

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11
Q

Where is the extracellular fluid in the body

A
  1. Plasma: 3.5 litres

2. Interstitial fluid: 10.5 litres

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12
Q

Describe the distribution of blood found in the body

A
  1. Peripheral veins: 65%
  2. Heart and lungs: 20%
  3. Peripheral arteries: 10%
  4. Capillaries: 5%
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13
Q

What is the average adult blood volume

A

4.5-6 litres

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14
Q

Describe the different components of blood

A 
Formed elements (45%):
1. Red cells
2. White cells
3. Platelets
Plasma (55%):
1. Water
2. Proteins, nutrients, and salt
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15
Q

Name the 2 groups of white cells

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

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16
Q

Name the different types of granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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17
Q

Name the different types of agranulocytes

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

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18
Q

Where are most proteins in the blood produced, and name some

A

In the liver:

  1. Serum albumin
  2. Clotting factors
  3. Complement components
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19
Q

Describe the shape and size of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave (large surface area) discs about 7-8um in diameter

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20
Q

What takes up around 1/3 of the erythrocyte’s volume

Study These Flashcards
A

The iron-containing protein haemoglobin

21
Q

What happens to haemoglobin in the lungs

Study These Flashcards
A

It picks up oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

22
Q

What is the average lifespan of erythrocytes, and how are they removed

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A

Around 4 months; removed chiefly by the spleen and liver

23
Q

Describe the proportion of leukocytes in the body

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A
  1. Neutrophils (40-75%)
  2. Eosinophils (5%)
  3. Basophils (0.5%)
  4. Lymphocytes (20-50%)
  5. Monocytes (1-5%)
24
Q

What is the diameter of neutrophils

25
Why are neutrophils often called polymorphonuclear leukocytes
They have a prominent, multi-lobed nucleus
26
What do neutrophil's granules contain
Numerous enzymes and microbicidal agents
27
What is the diameter of eosinophils
10-14um
28
What happens to the eosinophils after they are released from the bone marrow
They circulate in the body for 8-12 hours and then move into specific tissue (spleen, lymph nodes, GI tract, etc.) where they are stored
29
What is the diameter of basophils
10-12um
30
What is the function of basophils
They act as effector cells in allergic reactions
31
What is the diameter of monocytes
18um; largest cells circulating in the blood
32
Describe the nucleus of monocytes
Non-lobulated nucleus which often appears kidney bean-shaped
33
Describe the pathway of monocytes
They travel from the bone marrow to the body tissues, where they differentiate into the various phagocytes of the mononuclear phagocytic system
34
Name examples of the various phagocytes
1. Macrophages 2. Osteoclasts 3. Alveolar macrophages 4. Kupffer cells
35
What are lymphocytes, and how many types are there
They are the main functional cells of the immune system, and there are two general classes: 1. B cells 2. T cells
36
Where do the lymphocyte cells differentiate
1. B cells = bone marrow | 2. T cells = thymus
37
What is the function of the lymphocyte cells
1. B cells = give rise to antibody-secreting plasma cells | 2. T cells = form a complex set of cells that perform many defense functions
38
What are platelets
Small cell fragments (2um diameter) found in large numbers in the blood
39
What is the function of platelets
Play a key role in hemostasis (prevention of blood loss)
40
What organelles do platelets contain
1. Mitochondria 2. Golgi 3. Ribosomes
41
Do platelets have a nucleus
No
42
Describe the role of platelets during hemostasis
They adhere to the site of damage, aggregate, and degranulate
43
Where is the earliest site for erythrocyte production, and when does it happen
Outside the embryo in the yolk sac, beginning at about 3 weeks gestation
44
Where are erythrocytes produced during the second trimester
The liver mostly; and the spleen
45
When do bones take over the production of blood cells
``` Leukocytes = around 5 months gestation Erythrocytes = around 7 months gestation ```
46
By the time the skeleton reaches maturity, what bones are involved in hemopoiesis
1. Vertebrae 2. Ribs 3. Skull 4. Pelvis 5. Proximal femur
47
What protein stimulates the production of erythrocytes, and where is it secreted from
Erythropoietin, and it is secreted from the kidneys
48
Describe the 4 different classes of stem cells
1. Totipotent = form all of the cells types of the adult (fertilised ovum) 2. Pluripotent = give rise to all functional cell types of the animal (embryonic stem cell) 3. Multipotent = give rise to a restricted set of cell types (lymphoid stem cells) 4. Committed progenitor = produce only one cell type (CFU-E cells produce only erythrocytes)
49
What are megakaryocytes
Giant (30-100um) cells found in the bone marrow; platelets form as extensions at the outer margin of the cell

Histology 2 (9 decks)

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