Blood

Question 1

what are the 3 blood cells

Answer 1

red, white, and platelets

Question 2

hematocrit

Answer 2

% of any component in the total volume of a blood sample

Question 3

% of plasma in blood

Answer 3

55%

Question 4

% of white blood cells and platelets in blood

Answer 4

<1%

Question 5

% of red blood cells in blood

Answer 5

45%

Question 6

blood pH

Answer 6

7.4

Question 7

blood temp

Answer 7

98.8 degrees F

Question 8

volume of blood

Answer 8

5-6 L

Question 9

where are blood cells produced

Answer 9

red bone marrow-epiphysis

Question 10

thrombocyte

Answer 10

another name for platelet

Question 11

water content in plasma

Answer 11

90% of plasma volume

Question 12

proteins in plasma

Answer 12

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

Question 13

% of albumin in plasma

Answer 13

60%

Question 14

% of globulins in plasma and parts

Answer 14

36%
they transport hormones and help immune function
alpha/beta: work as transport proteins
gamma: have role in immunity

Question 15

% of fibrinogen in plasma and purpose

Answer 15

4%

form fibrin threads of blood clots

Question 16

nonprotein substances found in plasma

Answer 16

urea, uric acid, and creatine

Question 17

erythrocytes

Answer 17

red blood cells
4-6 million
function: carry hemoglobin (97%) and transport oxygen and CO2
NO NUCLEUS

Question 18

leukocytes

Answer 18

white blood cells
4,000-11,000
NUCLEUS

Question 19

granulocytes

Answer 19

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Question 20

agranulocytes

Answer 20

lymphocyte and monocyte

Question 21

platelet count

Answer 21

150,000-400,000

function: clotting

Question 22

erythropoietin

Answer 22

hormone that enhances production of red blood cells

Question 23

erythropoiesis

Answer 23

formation of red blood cells

Question 24

if normal blood oxygen levels fall

Answer 24

Stimulus: decreased RBC count, hemoglobin, availability of O2

1. kidney releases erythropoietin
2. red bone marrow is stimulated by hormone
3. enhanced erythropoiesis
4. blood’s O2 carrying ability rises

Question 25

hemoglobin

Answer 25

97% of red blood cells | protein in blood responsible for transferring O2

Question 26

hemoglobin levels in infants

Answer 26

14-20 g/100 mL

Question 27

hemoglobin levels in males

Answer 27

13-18 g/100 mL

Question 28

hemoglobin levels in females

Answer 28

12-16 g/100 mL

Question 29

hemoglobin consists of

Answer 29

two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains | contains protein and iron

Question 30

erythropoiesis steps

Answer 30

``` stem cell 1 day: proerythroblast 2 days: early basophilic erythroblast 3 days: late polychromatic erythroblast 4 days: normoblast/orythrochromatic erythroblast 5 days: reticulocyte 6/7 days: erythrocyte ```

Question 31

2 types of lymphocytes

Answer 31

T-lymphocyte: Thelper and Tcytotoxic | B-lymphocyte: some become plasma cells

Question 32

platelets develop from

Answer 32

stem cells

Question 33

hemostasis

Answer 33

stopping bleeding

Question 34

hemostasis steps

Answer 34

1. vascular spasm: smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction 2. platelet plug formation: platelets adhere to to broken area of vessel 3. coagulation: platelets form clot (blood clotting)

Question 35

coagulation steps

Answer 35

1. either vessel or tissue rupture 2. thromboplastin activator 3. prothrombin activator 4. prothrombin 5. thrombin 6. fibrinogen 7. fibrin mesh

Question 36

bleeding disorders are caused by

Answer 36

prevention of normal clotting - increase of anticoagulants: aspirin, heparin - decrease in coagulation factors: procoagulants

Question 37

thrombocytopenia

Answer 37

bleeding disorder when you have less than 50,000 platelets | may be caused by decreased liver function causing less procoagulants

Question 38

hemophilia

Answer 38

excessive bleeding disorder because of lack of coagulation factor 8

Question 39

embolus

Answer 39

a small blood clot

Question 40

thrombus

Answer 40

a clot that develops and stays in an unbroken blood vessel

Question 41

anemia

Answer 41

blood does not have enough O2 carrying capacity because of either lack of RBC or Hemoglobin

Question 42

aplastic anemia

Answer 42

cause: toxic chemicals/radiation defect: damaged bone marrow and destruction of hematopoietic compounds causing low RBC count

Question 43

hemolytic anemia

Answer 43

cause: toxic chemicals defect: RBC destroyed prematurely causing low RBC count

Question 44

hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 44

cause: blood loss defect: ulcer/menstrual cycle causing low RBC count

Question 45

intrinsic factor

Answer 45

substance used to absorb vitamin B12

Question 46

pernicious anemia

Answer 46

cause: lack of vitamin B12 defect: lack of intrinsic factor causing low hemoglobin

Question 47

iron deficiency anemia

Answer 47

cause: lack of iron defect: impaired iron absorption and more iron needed causing low hemoglobin

Question 48

blood group AB

Answer 48

antigens: A and B antibodie: none can receive: any blood

Question 49

blood group B

Answer 49

antigen: B antibody: A can receive: B, O

Question 50

blood group A

Answer 50

antigen: A antibody: B can receive: A, O

Question 51

blood group O

Answer 51

antigen: none antibody: A, B can receive: O (universal donor)

Question 52

Rh factor

Answer 52

Rh neg woman + Rh pos man woman gives birth and becomes sensitized and antibodies form to fight positive cells woman cannot conceive another positive baby Rx: Rho Gam

Question 53

Rh positive blood

Answer 53

Rh positive blood can only go to positive recipients

Question 54

what color is oxyhemoglobin

Answer 54

97% O2 | red

Question 55

what color is deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 55

pale

Question 56

what color is carbaminohema

Answer 56

23% CO2 | blue