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Phsyiology 210 > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

General functions of blood

A 
• Transport O 2 , CO 2, nutrients, waste products, ions,
hormones, and heat
• Regulation : ion and PH balance 
• Defense : immune protection 
• Hemostasis : prevention of blood loss
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2
Q

Hematocrit:

A

% of total blood
volume occupied by
packed red blood
cells

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3
Q

Formula for hematocrit

A

(X/Y) X 100%

X: volume of packed red blood cells
Y: total blood volume

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4
Q

Anemia

A

Shortage of RBC and extra plasma

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5
Q

Polycythemia

A

Extra RBC and shortage of plasma

  • thicker blood, more stress on heart
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6
Q

Plasma

A

Non cellular portion of the blood

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7
Q

ECF (outside of the cells) made of

A

Plasma + interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Composition of plasma (liquid portion of the blood)

A

• Mainly water (> 90%)

• Electrolytes, organic molecules, trace elements and
gases

• Substances being transported
– CO2, nutrients, waste products, hormones

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9
Q

Types of plasma proteins

A
  • Albumins
  • globulins (Made in lymphoid tissue)
  • fibrinogen
  • transferrin
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10
Q

Where are all the types of plasma proteins made ?

A

Liver

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11
Q

Function of albumins

A

Major contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma; carriers for various substances

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12
Q

Function of globulins

A

Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers of various substances

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13
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

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14
Q

Function of transferris

A

Iron transport

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15
Q

Major functions of plasma proteins

A 
– Distribution of body water
– Buffering
– Transport
– Defence
– Hemostasis
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16
Q

Serum made of ?

A

Serum = Plasma - clotting factors

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17
Q

Normal count for RBC

A
  1. 2 - 5.4 x 10^6 (F)

4. 7- 6.1 x 10^6 (M)

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18
Q

Wat are erythrocytes

A

RBC

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19
Q

Normal count for WBC or leukocytes

A

4.5 -10 x 10^3

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20
Q

Function of RBC

A

Transport oxygen

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21
Q

Three categories of WBC

A
  • POLYMORPHONUCLEAR GRANULOCYTES
  • MONOCYTES
  • LYMPHOCYTES
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22
Q

Types of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR GRANULOCYTES

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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23
Q

Neutrophils

A

Gram uses a rented attracted to either dye, its neutral.

  • highly segmented nucleus
  • 40-60%

Function : phagocyte

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24
Q

Eosinophil

A

Granules are attracted to pink acidic dye

  • segmented nucleus
  • 1-4%
  • function: defence against parasites
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25
Basophils
Granules attracted to basic blue dye - <1% - function: inflammation
26
Monocytes
Large nucleus - 2-8% Function: phagocyte and immune defence
27
Types of lymphocytes
B-cells and T-cells
28
B-cells
- 20-40% Function: antibody production , humoral immunity
29
T-cells
20-40% Function: cellular immunity
30
Platelets function
Hemostasis
31
Hematopoiesis
Formation of blood cells
32
Where does hematopoiesis happen
– Prenatal (before birth) = yolk sac, liver, spleen | – Postnatal (after birth) = bone marrow
33
During hematopoiesis, what does the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells turn into
Either a - lymphoid stem cell—-> lymphocyte (WBC) - myeloid stem cell —>RBC or WBC or platelet
34
Where does the T-cells develop
In the thymus gland which is located between the lungs
35
Stages of blood development
- Everything starts at they bone marrow - RBC, platelets, monocytes, granulocytes, B-cells, T-cells are then in the blood vessels - macrophages, granulocytes, B and T cells are in tissue
36
Leukocyte morphology
Monocyte —> macrophage Differentiated WBC in the tissue
37
How is hematopoiesis regulated?
– Cytokines
38
Cytokines
• are small proteins • hormone-like in their mechanism of action • also called hematopoietins – act as growth factors – e.g. erythropoietin: erythrocytes or RBCs – thrombopoietin: thrombocytes or platelets
39
thrombopoietin:
thrombocytes or platelets
40
erythropoietin:
erythrocytes or RBCs
41
RBC facts
``` Facts – Diameter: 7-8 µm – Thickness: 2-3 µm – Number: ~5 million /µl – Lifespan: 120 days – Function: O2 transport – loses nucleus and other molecules organelles during development – bag full of Hemoglobin ```
42
Hemoglobin (Hb) structure
``` • = heme (non-protein) + globin (protein) • Hemoglobin A (HbA) a2B2 – Globin (4) – Heme (4) – Ferrous iron (4) ```
43
Hemoglobin and O2 transport
* Hemoglobin (Hb) * responsible for ~98-99% of total oxygen transport • binds to oxygen in loose and reversible manner ``` • each ferrous (Fe++) iron combines with one molecule of O process of oxygenation (not oxidation) ```
44
What makes CO inhalation fatal?
• Hb can bind to other gases – Carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation can be fatal – Colorless and odourless gas – Hb has 200x more affinity for CO than to O
45
Platelets or thrombocytes count
1.5 - 4 X 10^5
46
Factors essential for RBC production
* Cytokine: Erythropoietin (EPO) * Dietary factors * Protein factor released from stomach
47
Cytokine: Erythropoietin (EPO)
– Source of EPO – Role of Testosterone – Role of other hematopoietins
48
Dietary factors
– Iron – Folic acid – Vitamin B12
49
Protein factor released from stomach:
Intrinsic factor (IF)
50
Factors that decrease oxygenation
1. Low blood volume 2. Anemia 3. Low hemoglobin 4. Poor blood flow 5. Pulmonary disease
51
Where do RBC go to die
Spleen and liver
52
Body Iron reserve:
50% : Hb | 25%: other iron containing proteins 25%: bound with Ferritin
53
Absorption of vitamin B12
- B12 found in (liver, fish, eggs, diary) consumed - binds to (IF) to form complex so that it isn’t broken down by stomach acid - B12 is then absorbed into the blood through the large intestine
54
What does a lack of B12 cause
Pernicious anemia
55
What is anemia?
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to a deficiency of RBCs and/or hemoglobin contained in the RBCs
56
What causes anemia?
1. Decreased production of RBC in the bone marrow 2. Increased destruction of the RBCs in the body (hemolytic anemia) 3. Increased blood loss leading to loss of RBCs (hemorrhagic anemia) 4. Abnormal hemoglobin production
57
Specific factors leading to anemia
1. Lack of Iron (most common dietary cause) 2. Lack of intrinsic factor or Vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia) 3. Damage of bone marrow due to radiation /drugs (aplastic anemia) 4. Chronic kidney disease (reduced levels of erythropoietin, EPO) 5. Increased breakdown due to abnormal shape of RBC or due to immune reactions during transfusion (hemolytic anemia) 6. Increased blood loss due to injury, bleeding ulcers or chronic menstruation (hemorrhagic anemia) 7. Abnormal structure of hemoglobin
58
aplastic anemia
Damage of bone marrow due to radiation /drugs
59
hemolytic anemia
Increased breakdown due to abnormal shape of RBC or due to immune reactions during transfusion
60
hemorrhagic anemia
Increased blood loss due to injury, bleeding ulcers or chronic menstruation
61
Abnormal Hb: Sickle cell disease • Abnormal globin chain (sickle cell HbS = a2b*2)
– Single amino acid mutation in the b chain – Sickle -shaped RBCs are formed – Cell membranes are hard and non-flexible – Passage through capillaries cause damage of sickled RBCs (hemolytic anemia) – Expressed by autosomal recessive gene carriers

Phsyiology 210 (18 decks)

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