Blood And Blood Groups Flashcards

Question

How is haemostasis related to thrombosis?

Answer 1

Thrombosis is the primary cause of heart attacks and strokes Thrombosis= the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel Haemostasis= the process to prevent and stop bleeding Embolus (Greek meaning of ‘wedge’)= is an unattached mass that travels through the blood stream and is capable of creating blockages When an embolus occludes a blood vessel is is called an EMBOLISM DVT+PE=VTE DVT and PE are collectively referred to as VTE- Venous Thromboembolism

Answer 2

Anywhere! But, when a clot forms in a vein that is located deep within the body is is called ‘deep vein thrombosis’. Typically in the lower leg or thigh (but… can be wherever)

Answer 3

-Risk Assessment This is done using the Wells score (criteria to calculate risk of DVT using clinical indicators) -Inter-Professional Teamwork E.g. physios, Occupational therapists, dieticians, -DVT Prophylaxis Pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures to diminish the risk of a DVT

Answer 4

Wells score Combines risk factor and clinical findings to calculate a patients probability of developing a blood disorder, specifically DVT Points based system with maximum of 8 points 3+ points indicates a high clinical possibility of DVT

Answer 5

=pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures to assess the risk of a DVT 1- Mechanical Anti-embolism stockings Provide graduated compression Calf pressure of 14-15 mmHg Intermittent pneumatic compression 2- Pharmacological LMWH (low-molecular weight heparins). These are a class of anticoagulants E.g. clexanine, deltaparin

Answer 6

Usually inherited Group of multiple types of conditions that affect the sickle cells, most common is sickle cell anaemia Results in abnormality in the haemoglobin (Hb) found in the RBCs Leads to a rigid sickle-like shaped RBC Occurs when a person inherits two abnormal copies of the B-Globin gene, this is the gene that makes haemoglobin

Answer 7

RBCs are rigid, pointed and hooked They are long and shaped a bit like a banana, normal cells are oval shaped This shape increases their likelihood of getting stuck and causing a blockage

Answer 8

=episodes of pain experienced by someone with SCD One of the most common symptoms of SCD Causes agony and pain all over the body, it can be quite distressing to see Occurs when the blood vessels in the body become blocked Sever pain lasts up to 7 days on average Often affects particular parts of the body, most common: hands or feet (esp in young children), ribs and breastbone, spine, pelvis, tummy, legs and arms It makes the individual get sick quite regularly as it effects the whole body It is a medical emergency!

Answer 9

The process of haemostasis occurs via two pathways which unite downstream to form the common pathway One of these is the INTRINSIC PATHWAY The intrinsic pathway is triggered by internal damage to the vessel wall The longer and more intricate pathway Factor XII is activated when it contacts the negatively charged collagen on the damaged endothelium Triggers the cascade Clotting factors and platelets form cellular plug at the site of injury Platelets release further mediators to assist clotting (including factor VIII) Factor XI combines with factor VIII to form an enzyme complex that stimulates thrombin production

Answer 10

The process of haemostasis occurs via two pathways which unite downstream to form the common pathway One of these is the EXTRINSIC PATHWAY The extrinsic pathway is triggered by external trauma which causes blood to escape the circulation Damage to blood vessel means that factor VII exits circulation into surrounding tissues Tissue factor (factor III) is released by damaged cells outside of circulation Factor VII and factor III form a complex This complex is called ‘TF-Vlla’ complex Factor X then triggered to take its active form- factor Xa In conjunction with factor Va, the formulation of thrombin is triggered

Answer 11

Calcium ions Ca2+ Major role in the tight regulation of the coagulation cascade They’re responsible for complete activation of several of the coagulation factors (VIII, VII, III, IX) Binds to phospholipids that are secondary to the platelet activation and provides a surface for the assembly of multiple coagulation factors

Answer 12

= A blood clotting vitamin! It is a fat-solvable vitamin essential for the post-translational processing of the prothrombin group of coagulation factors Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for a group of proteins called the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, IX, VII and X) These factors are responsible for activation of blood clotting proteins

Answer 13

Essential for blot clot contraction (or retraction) Pathological inhibitor This is spontaneous shrinkage if the clot, playing a major role in heamostasis Fibrinogen is a complex glycoprotein, makes high content of plasma. Fibrinogen is then converted to fibrin which stabilises blood clots and promotes heamostasis

Answer 14

A protein released by the liver that helps the blood to clot Is a complex of a dozen coagulation factors that functions in catalysing prothrombin into thrombin It is released into the body in a cascade of chemical reactions in response to blood vessel damage

Blood And Blood Groups Flashcards

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