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BIOSCI 107 PART 2 > Blood and Immune - Blood Composition and Function > Flashcards

Blood and Immune - Blood Composition and Function Flashcards

(131 cards)

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1
Q

How much blood does the average person have?

A

5L

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2
Q

What is the volume of blood that circulates through the heart every 24 hours?

A

14,000 L

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3
Q

How many chambers are there in the heart and what are they called?

A

4
Left and right ventricle
Left and right atrium

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4
Q

What part of the heart brings blood to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery

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5
Q

What brings blood from the lung to the heart?

A

The pulmonary vein

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6
Q

What are arteries made of?

A

Muscular capillaries with elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth muscle.
This smooth muscle allows the artery to expand and constrict through an involuntary movement

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7
Q

Is blood pressure higher in veins or arteries?

A

Arteries

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8
Q

Why is venous blood pressure lower than arterial?

A

Because veins are not elastic

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9
Q

What is the functions of the valves in veins?

A

To prevent back flow

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10
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

Highest blood pressure attained in arteries
Blood is at full compression
The left ventricle is squeezed at its tightest and the artery walls are expanded at their greatest

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11
Q

What is the purpose of blood?

A

Blood provides a one-way pressurised system for the transport of oxygen, proteins glucose, lipids and essential ions required for normal cell function.

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12
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

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13
Q

What does the 120 in blood pressure mean?

A

Your systolic blood pressure in millimetres of mercury (120mm up the tube measuring blood pressure)

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14
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

When blood pressure is at its lowest

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15
Q

What does the 80 in blood pressure mean?

A

Diastolic blood pressure

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16
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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17
Q

What causes hypertension?

A

Arteries are not expanding and contracting effectively (hardened, blocked or disease) which reduces flow and resulting in unwanted coagulation

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18
Q

What is a high blood pressure

A

above 140-150

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19
Q

What is the result of low blood pressure?

A

not enough blood going through arteries to supply tissues with blood

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20
Q

Common symptom of low blood pressure

A

fainting

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21
Q

What is needed to retain blood pressure?

A

Blood volume

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22
Q

What loss of blood is fatal?

A

over 20% because pressure and flow is impaired and the result is tissue starved of O2

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23
Q

Why do we need blood pressure?

A

to ensure even and efficient blood flow through small capillaries, low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation.

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24
Q

Main components of blood

A

Cells, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, vitamins and hormones, glucose

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25
Where do myeloid and lymphoid cells come from?
multipotential stem cells
26
What are the two types of lymphoid cells?
B and T cells
27
Where do B lymphocytes come from?
Bone marrow
28
What is the function of B lymphocytes?
They have antibodies/immunoglobulins that give adaptive immunity
29
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus
30
What are the 3 main cells in blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
31
What is the function of Erythrocytes
to transport oxygen to tissue
32
How many Erythrocytes in the body?
5-6 million/ml
33
What is the shape of a Erythrocyte?
It is a flat disc that has no nucleus
34
What is the main protein in Erythrocytes?
Haemoglobin
35
What is the main function of leukocytes
immune defence
36
What is the most common leukocyte
Neutrophil
37
How many leukocytes are in the body
10,000/mL
38
What is the function of neutrophils?
respond immediately to microbial challenge like an infection, migrate quickly from capillary tissue to the site of infection, engulf the organism
39
What is the function of thrombocytes?
Coagulation and tissue repair
40
How many thrombocytes are in the blood?
400,000/ml
41
What is the size of thrombocytes
1/20th of a leukocyte
42
what do thrombocytes do when an injury occurs?
platelets link together as a part of the blood clot to block off wound to prevent leakage of blood or fluid from damaged tissue
43
What are the major proteins in blood?
Albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins
44
How much of blood protein is albumin?
50%
45
What is the function of Albumin
Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure and hyponeiticity, Binds and transports many small molecules, hormones.
46
How does Albumin maintain osmotic pressure?
It acts as a “Protein sponge” that absorbs fluid in blood and allows fluid to be balanced
47
What is the function of haemoglobin
to carry oxygen from heart to other tissues in red blood cells
48
How much of blood is fibrinogen?
7% of total blood proteins
49
What is the function of fibrinogen?
It is cleaved in coagulation cascade to form fibrin molecules which link to form a clot (prevent tissue leakage)
50
What are lipids bound in?
Lipoproteins
51
What are the main types of lipids?
LDL, HDL, VLDL
52
Which lipid is bad for you?
LDL
53
Why is LDL (lipid) bad for you?
LDL = low density lipid | If levels of LDL's increase, it means that a build-up of cholesterol can build up in your arteries = heart attack
54
What are the major electrolytes in the blood?
HCO3 -, Na+, Cl-, Ca++, Mg++, K+, creatine, creatinine
55
What electrolyte is the most tightly regulated and why?
Potassium (K) because it regulates a lot of cellular functions like nerve potential and heart muscle activity
56
What is the normal blood ph?
7.4
57
How much variance can occur above/below blood pH before severe stress can occur?
0.2
58
What is acidosis?
blood is more acidic (pH decreases)
59
What is alkalosis
blood is more basic (pH increases)
60
What are Immunoglobulins ?
antibodies
61
What do Immunoglobulins do
Provide a diverse repertoire of antigen binding proteins
62
What is complement?
Proteins that “coat” bacteria targeting them for phagocytosis
63
What is the major complement component?
C3
64
What is opsonisation?
Irreversible coating of bacteria with complement so that phagocytes are attracted and can bind them.
65
What are first cells that go to site of infection due to complement?
Neutrophils
66
How many complement proteins are there?
9
67
Number of coagulation factors
13
68
What happens in a coagulation cascade?
13 proteins cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in cleavage of fibrinogen -> fibrin (forms clot)
69
What electrolyte is essential to coagulation?
Ca+
70
What is the most common form of haemophilia?
Factor VIII (8) deficiency
71
What is haemophilia
Haemophiliacs blot does not clot (they can bleed to death from vascular leakage)
72
What is the function of electrolytes?
Isotonicity and buffering
73
What is centrifugation?
technique used to separate blood into its different components
74
What is added to blood before centrifugation what is its purpose?
An anticoagulant to stop blood clotting
75
Example of a anticoagulant?
Heparin
76
How many layers result from centrifugation?
3
77
What is the top layer of a centrifuge?
The plasma layer
78
What % is the plasma layer in a centrifuge
55%
79
What is the plasma layer?
Blood with fibrinogen present (ie has not clotted yet)
80
What is contained in the plasma layer?
Soluble proteins, lipids and platelets
81
What is the middle layer of a centrifuge?
The buffy coat
82
What is the buffy coat?
Layer of white cells
83
What is in the buffy coat?
Lymphocytes, myeloid and leukocytes
84
What is the bottom layer of the centrifuge?
Packed red cells
85
What % is the packed red cells
45%
86
What is anemia
You don't make enough red blood cells
87
Symptoms of anemia
Difficulty breathing, become tired
88
What causes Cerebral Edema
Making too many red blood cells (happens normally by being at high altitudes, blood becomes viscous lead)
89
What is plasma
The viscous liquid fraction of un-coagulated blood without cells
90
What is contained in plasma
Fibrinogen (removed with coagulation)
91
Why can't plasma be electorpheresed?
Fibrinogen causes problems
92
What is serum?
Less viscous yellow liquid remaining after the removal of the clot
93
What is serum electrophoresis?
Separating blood using an electric field
94
What are the five major protein fractions of serum electrophoresis
albumin, α1, α2, β and γ
95
What % of serum electrophoresis is albumin
50%
96
What % of serum electrophoresis is globulin? (albumin, α1, α2, β and γ)
40%
97
What is the γ fraction?
Where anti-bodes/immunoglobulins reside
98
is γ fraction + or -
Positively charged | So they migrate towards the negative electrode on serum electrophoresis
99
What is multiple myeloma?
A type of leukaemia | Aberrant B cell present and is producing antibodies in high amounts
100
Where do myeloma cells reside?
In bone marrow
101
Where do blood cells come from?
A single multipotent stem cell in bone marrow
102
Are multipotent stem cells rare?
yes
103
What do multipotent stem cells do?
differentiate into any other mature hematopoietic cells in the body
104
What surface antigen is on multipotential Hematopoietic stem cells
CD34
105
What do CD34 HSC divide into?
Myeloid and lymphoid progenitors
106
What does the myeloid progenitor divide into?
Other myeloid cell types | Consist of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, mast cells, myeloblasts, leukocytes
107
What does the lymphoid progenitor divide into?
Natural killer cells | Large lymphocytes, small lymphocytes which makes T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes (ie forms plasma cells)
108
What factors drive haematopoiesis?
GM-CSF, EPO and G-CSF
109
What produces GM-CSF
Macrophages, T-cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts
110
What does GM-CSF stimulate?
Production of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes
111
What is the function of the GM-CSF factor?
Stimulate the myeloid lineage
112
How does GM-CSF factor work?
Receptors on the myeloid progenitor cells binds to GM-CSF which stimulates cells to differentiate further into myeloid cells
113
What produces EPO
``` Kidney = adulthood Liver = perinatal ```
114
What is the function of EPO
Signal production of Red Blood Cells
115
What type of factor is used in blood transplants?
EPO
116
What type of factor is the target of drug testing?
EPO
117
What does GM-CSF stand for
Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating factor
118
What does G-CSF stand for
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
119
What is the function of G-CSF
Stimulate production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils
120
What is the function of the lung in oxygen and transport exchange?
Provides a vast surface area for blood and consist of the alveoli for efficient exchange of O2 and CO2
121
Colour of blood in venous system
Dark red (lacks oxygen)
122
Colour of pulmonary blood
Bright red (spurts out due to pressure)
123
How much of your total blood volume is red blood cells?
45%
124
How much of your red blood cells dry weight is haemoglobin?
96%
125
What carries oxygen in red blood cells?
Protein haemoglobin
126
How many lobes are in a haemoglobin
4
127
What is contained in each lobe of a haemoglobin protein
A heme molecule
128
What is contained in each heme in a haemoglobin protein
An iron atom, ferrous form, Fe2+
129
What regulates the association and dissociation of O2 from heme
Partial pressure of O2 | O2 readily associates in the lungs, dissociates in the tissues
130
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs
100mm Hg
131
Partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli of the lungs
35mm Hg

BIOSCI 107 PART 2 (5 decks)

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