Blood and Immunity Flashcards by Angelina Reif Tellez

3 functions of blood

-Transportation
-Regulation
-Protection

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Transportation

Transports hormones from endocrine glands to organs

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Regulation

Maintains body temp, ph levels, and fluid volume

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Protection

Prevents infection through WBC and antibodies both detecting and attacking foreign substances

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Four factors that make up blood

-Plasma
-RBC
-WBC
-Platelets

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Blood

Connective tissue made up of a group of cells that performs specific functions

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Where are blood cells produced?

Bone marrow

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Plasma (in blood)

-Sticky, straw coloured liquid that holds cells and platelets
-Makes up 55% of blood volume

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3 proteins found in plasma

-Fibrinogen
-Albumis
-Globulins
(FAG)

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Albumis

Maintains blood pressure and volume

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Fibrinogen

Important for forming blood clots

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Globulins

-Transports proteins around the body
-Some are antibodies

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Red Blood cells

-Flattened discs with concaved centre (ideal for gas exchange)
-no nucleus or organelles

Main function:
-transports respiratory gases (O2 & CO2)

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Spleen

Where old and dead red blood cells are removed

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Hemoglobin

A structure that carries both O2 and CO2 inside the RBC
(Gives the blood a red color)

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White blood cells

-Spherical but can change shape
-Has a nucleus and organelles

Main function:
-protect the body by fighting foreign invaders and infections

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Most abundant to least abundant white blood cells (5)

1) Neutrophils
2) Lymphocyte
3) monocyte
4) Eosinophil
5) Basophil
(NLMEB)

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Amoeboid Action (WBC)

Move on their own

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Phagocytosis

“Eat” bacteria/toxins

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Chemical properties (WBC)

WBC make antibodies to help stop the effect of chemicals on an injury and inflammation

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Granular Leukocytes

-Cytoplasm is granular
Includes: basophilis, eosinophilis and Neautrophils (BEN)

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Agranular Leukocytes (WBC)

-Cytoplasm does not have granules
Includes: Monocytes and lymphocytes (ML)

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Platelets

-Small pieces of cells found in the blood
-no nucleus

Main function:
-blood clot forms

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What may cause a patient to need a blood transfusion?

-injury
-illness
-surgery

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When is your blood type determined?

Before you are born

Who is a universal donor?

O-

Who is a universal recipient

AB+

Antigens

Substances found on the surface of cells which help distinguish between “self” and “foreign” cells

Antibodies

Y-shaped protein structure used to detect and defend the body from “foreign” materials

Agglutination

Binding of matching antibodies and antigens on RBC’s

Immune system

Bodies defense against disease causing organisms

What is the inflammatory response triggered by?

-cuts -scrapes -infections -bone structure

3 important aspects of the 3rd line of defence

-specific -systemic -memory (SSM)

Homozygous group

-IAIA -IBIB -ii

Heterozygous group

-IAi -IBi -IAIB

1st line of defense

-innate and non-specific -Physical and chemical barriers

Physical barriers

-Skin -Cilia -Mucus -Nose hairs

Chemical barriers

-Tears -Stomach acid -Lysozyme -Saliva

2nd line of defense

-innate and non-specific 1) triggered by cuts, scrapes, etc. 2) injury releases chemicals starting inflammatory response. 3) histamine is produced 4) capillaries increase blood flow 5) phagocytes eat dead cells

3rd line of defense

-adaptive and specific -T cells terminate cancer cells or infected cells

Immunological memory

Primary immune response: -first time the body encounters a particular antigen -antibodies come up with a serum between 7-10 days

How are invaders recognized

Antigens

2 types of T lymphocytes

-Helper T cells -cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)

2 types of B lymphocytes

-Plasma cells -memory b cells

Helper T cells

Activates cytotoxic T cells (Killer T cells)

Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)

Terminate cancer cells, foreign cells, and infected cells by a virus

Hematopoiesis is the process of?

blood cells being made

How does RH factors affect the mother and the baby

When the mother has RH- and the baby has RH+, the mothers body will create antibodies to fight the babies RH+. Which could kill the baby or give it anemia

Blood typing

Determine a persons blood type by identifying the antigen present on the RBC

Antibodies and antigens for all types of blood

Type A: Antigen A = Antibodies B Type B: Antigen B = Antibodies A Type AB: Antigen A and B = No Antibodies Type O: (no antigen) = Antibodies AB

How to prevent the effect of the mothers RH- on the baby’s RH+

By Injecting anti-RH antibodies usually given at 28 weeks pregnat

Naturally acquired active immunity

Antigens or pathogens enter body naturally

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Antibodies pass from mother to baby by breast feeding

Artificially acquired active immunity

Antigens are introduced in vaccines (immunization)

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Preformed antibodies are injected into the body

Rh Factor

A type of antigen that can be found on the surface of the red blood cells

Macrophage

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms

Once an individual has had measles, they will rarely get it again. Why?

Because after you have it, your body becomes immune

What is a pathogen

An organism that causes a disease to its host

How does a helper T cell become actives? Then when activated, what do helper T cells do?

Activates when phagocyte presents antigen to helper T cell, then activates other immune cells

Histamines

Increases blood flow to the injured area

Where is histamines produced?

mast cells and basophils

B Lymphocytes

Produce antibodies

T lymphocytes

Recognize and responds to invaders

plasma cells

secretes immunoglobulin and antibodies

Memory cells

remember certain antigens

When you scrape your knee, why does the area become red, start to swell and you feel some pain?

It’s because of the increase in blood flow caused by histamines

Difference between Lysosome and Lysozyme?

-lysosome is the cell organelle present inside the cell -lysozyme usually breaks bonds

What happens to someone with an autoimmune disease

Affects the whole body by weakens bodily functions, and can be life-threatening

Another name for RBC’s

Erythrocytes

Another name for WBC’s

Leukocytes

How can you tell if a person has leukemia?

red or purple spots or rashes on your skin

Hodgkins disease

Cause -is a type of cancer that the doctors have not yet figured out, but has a change in DNA Symptoms -fever, fatigue, weight loss Frequency -900 people each year are diagnosed Treatments -chemotherapy -radiation therapy -immunotherapy

Blood and Immunity Flashcards

(73 cards)