blood and tissue nematodes Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
ADULTS
* Thin and wirelike in appearance
- Typically coil up in knots inside infected nodules
- Adult females may measure up to 500 mm in length, adult males are 25-50 mm long
A
O. volvolus
2
Q
parameter
MICROFILARIA
* size: 240-300 um long
* sheath: present
* nuclei arrangement: tip of tail free of nuclei
A
wuchereria bancrofti
3
Q
ADULTS
* The location of the adults in humans is currently unknown
- Adult female may range in legth from 65-80 mm average of 70 mm
- Male worm measures 32 mm
A
mansonella ozzardi
4
Q
O. volvolus
LAB DIAGNOSIS
* (?): specimen of choice; Adult worms may recovered from infected nodules
- organisms residing in the eye are best seen using (?)
- presence of eosinophilia and (?) discomfort
A
- skin snips
- slit lamp
- ocular
5
Q
O. volvulus is distributed primarily in equatorial (?) and (?)
A
- africa
- central america
6
Q
onchocerca volvolus
- COMMON NAME: (?)
- DISEASE ASSOCIATED: (?)
A
- blinding convoluted worm
- river blindness, onchocerciasis
7
Q
ADULTS
* female: blunt, round posterior end; single ovary with vulva in anterior 5th of body
* male: curved posterior end with two round appendages
* thin anterior end
* small mouth
* long slender digestive tract
A
trichenella spiralis
8
Q
brugia malayi
TREATMENT
A
- similar to that for W. bancrofti
- Most useful medication is Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
9
Q
mansonella ozzardi
- Found exclusively in (?) hemisphere
- Known to exist in North, central, and south (?), as well as part of west (?) and (?).
A
- western
- america
- indies
- carribean
10
Q
wuchereria bancrofti
TREATMENT
A
- Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
- Ivermectin (Stromectol) when used in combination with albendazole
- Surgical removal of excess tissue may be appropriate for the scrotum.
- Use of special boots or elastic bandage
11
Q
mansonella perstans
vectors:
A
culicoides sucking midges
12
Q
ADULT
* resemble those W. bancrofti.
- Typical adult female worm measures 53 mm in length
- Adult male measures 24 mm in length
A
brugia malayi
13
Q
brugia malayi
- COMMON NAME: (?)
- DISEASE ASSOCIATED: (?)
A
- malayan filarias
- malayan filariasis, elephantiasis
14
Q
mansonella perstans
- COMMON NAME: (?)
- DISEASE ASSOCIATED: (?)
A
- perstans filaria
- none
15
Q
- appear creamy white and assume a threadlike appearance
- males may measure from 20 to 500 mm in length, which is often half that of typical adult females.
A
adult worms
16
Q
dracunculus medenensis
- (?) is found in parts of Africa, India, Asia, Pakistan, and the Middle East
- (?) reside in fresh water, located particularly in areas called (?), from which people obtain drinking water and bathe
- First-stage D. medinensis larvae escape from the (?) of infected persons who come into contact with this water.
- Ponds, human-made water holes, and standing water may also serve as sources of infection.
- There are a number of known reservoir hosts, including dogs. Like humans, these animals become infected via contaminated drinking water
A
- guinea worm
- copepods, step wells
- ulcers
17
Q
mansonella ozzardi
- Examination of fresh (?)
- nonperiodic: no known optimum time for collecting the blood sample
A
giemsa-stained blood
18
Q
parameters
LARVA
* L1: distinct small knob near the tip of the wall
- L3: 2 well developed chitinous rods (knob like tips) below buccal cavity
- L1: found in the rodent host
- L3: found in mollusk
- Adult worms: found in pulmonary arteries of rat, gravid females lay eggs which are carried into smaller vessels of the lungs
A
angiostrongylus cantonensis
19
Q
parameters
ADULT
* female: prominent rounded anterior end
* male anterior end coils itself at least once
A
dracunculus medenensis
20
Q
mansonella perstans
(?) are thought to harbor M. perstans or a closely related species as reservoir hosts
A
primates
21
Q
LARVA
* appearance: coiled
* encysted in: nurse cells of striated muscle
A
trichinella spiralis
22
Q
mansonella ozzardi
- COMMON NAME: (?)
- DISEASE ASSOCIATED: (?)
A
- new world filaria
- none
23
Q
darcunculus medenensis
TREATMENT
A
- no specific dracunculiasis medicines available
- successful treatment typically consists of total worm removal
24
Q
lays eggs in segmented stage (embryonated)
A
ovoviviparous / oviviparous
25
# angiostrongylus cantonensis
intermediate host
slugs and snails
* Achatina fulica (giant african snail)
* Hemiplecta sagittifera
* Helicostyla macrostoma
* Vaginilus plebeius
* Veronicella altae
26
# wuchereria bancrofti
vectors:
* aedes
* culex
* anopheles
27
# angiostrongylus cantonensis
TREATMENT
* No treatment recommended at present
Successful in animal experiment
* Mebendazole
* Thiabendazole
* Albendazole
* ivermectin
28
ADULTS
* They reside in peritoneal and pleural cavities as well as the mesentery
* Adult female worm measures 82 mm in length
* Adult male 43 mm in length
mansonella perstans
29
# O. volvulus
TREATMENT
* Ivermectin – DOC
* Surgical removal of adult worms
30
# loa loa
TREATMENT
* Surgical removal of adult worms
* Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
31
formation of granulomatous lesions following microfilarial invasion into lymphatics, chills, lymphadenopathy, lymphangitis, and eosinophilia.
adenolymphagitis / dermatolymphagiodenitis
32
* White and assume a threadlike appearance .
* Females are typically larger than male measuring 40-100 mm and 20-40 mm, respectively
wuchereria bancroft
33
found worldwide, particularly in members of the meat-eating population
trichenalla spiralis
34
# loa loa
* COMMON NAME: (?)
* DISEASE ASSOCIATED: (?)
* african eye worm, oculi humanis
* loaisis
35
# parameter
MICROFILARIA
* size range: 248-300
* sheath: present
* nuclei arrangement: distinct continuous row of nuclei; extend to tip of tail
loa loa
36
# parameters
EGGS
* thin hyaline shell
* embryonated when oviposited
angiostrongylus cantonensis
37
ADULT
* Typically white in color and exhibit a cylindrical threadlike appearance
loa loa
38
obstruction of lymphatics of the tunica vaginalis
hydrocoele / chylocoele
39
# mansonella perstans
* Adult M. perstans worms usually appear (?).
* Minor allergic reactions or no symptoms at all, are experienced by the infected individuals.
* These individuals may exhibit moderate (?)
* Presence of (?), headache, (?), and lymphatic discomfort are also associated with this infection
* Responsible for (?) and (?) pain, as well as (?) and associated pain in the liver
* singly
* eosinophilia
* calabar swelling, edema
* joint, bone, enlargement
40
lays eggs in unsegmented stage (unembryonated)
oviparous
41
* life cycle of is similar to that of M. ozzardi
* Humans are the primary definitive host in the life cycle
* The incubation period of this organism once inside the host is unknown
mansonella perstans
42
# trichenalla spiralis
TREATMENT
* Prednisone
* Thiabendazole
43
# parameters
LARVA
* characteristics: Consumes one third of body length; culminates in a point
* first stage or rhabditiform larvae (L1): diagnostic stage
* third stage larvae (L3): which reside in an intermediate host, have not been well described
dracunculus medenensis
44
known as the great imitator
trichenalla spiralis
45
* Eosinophilia and calabar or transient subcutaneous swelling
* Adult worms multiply throughout the subcutaneous tissues
* The microfilariae are present in the blood but not until years after the initial infection making the diagnosis more difficult.
loa loa
46
* stiffness of the neck, weakness of the muscles, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, peripheral eosinophilia, facial paralysis and low grade fever
* eosinophils, monocyte and foreign body giant cells in the spinal cord and fluid
* CSF contain 100-2000 leukocytes per μl
* Charcot-Layden crystals in the meninges
angiostrongylus cantonensis
47
swelling of the lower extremities especially the legs develop due to obstruction of the lymphatics
elephantiasis
48
# parameters
ADULTS
* females: uterine tubules are spirally around the intestine arrangement is described as "barber's pole" can lay up to 15,000 eggs daily
* male: kidney shaped caudal bursa and single lobed
angiostrongylus cantonensis
49
# O. volvolus
vectors:
simulium (black fly)
50
Presence or absence of a delicate transparent covering known as a sheath
filarial worms
51
W. bancrofti may be found in the (?) and (?) areas of the world including the philippines
* subtropical
* tropical
52
# parameters
MICROFILARIA
* size range: 150-355 um long
* sheath: absent
* nuclei arrangement: do not extend to tip of the tail
mansonella ozzardi
53
* First reported by Nomura and Lin from Taiwan
* Nishimura and Yogore in the Philippines
Mechanism:
* ingestion of raw mollusk
* ingestion of leafy vegetables containing mollusk secretion
* Ingestion of paratenic host (freshwater prawn and crab)
* Drinking contaminated water
angiostrongylus cantonensis
54
# paremeter
MICROFILARIA
* size range: 200 um in length
* sheath: absent
* nuclei arrangement: numerous; extend to tip of tail
mansonella perstans
55
wucheria bancrofti
* COMMON NAME : (?)
* DISEASE ASSOCIATED: (?)
* bancroft's filaria
* bancroft's filariasis, elephantiasis
56
# parameters
MICROFILARIA
* size range: 150-335 um long
* sheath: absent
* nuclei arrangement: do not extend to tip of the tail
O. volvulus
57
# loa loa
vectors:
* chrysops fly
* tabanid
* mango fly
58
# brugia malayi
vectors:
* mansonia sp.
* anopheles
* aedes
59
* Areas of the world in which the mosquitoes breed are the primary locations in which (?) may be found including philippines
* Although humans are considered to be the primary definite host, it is also known to infect felines and monkeys
brugia malayi
60
# dracunculus medenensis
* COMMON NAME: (?)
* DISEASE: (?)
* GUINEA WORM, FIERY SERPENT OF THE ISRAELITES, MEDINA WORM, DRAGON WORM
* DRACUNCULOSIS, DRACUNCULIASIS, GUINEA WORM INFECTION
61
# loa loa
LAB DIAGNOSIS
* diurnal periodicity: collection is done during the midday hours between (?) to (?)
* Specimen of choice for the recovery of Loa loa microfilariae is (?)
* the migrating adult worms may be extracted from a variety of body location including the (?)
* technique: (?)
* 10:15 am, 2:15 pm
* giemsa-stained blood
* eye
* knott technique
62
# brugia malayi
LAB DIAGNOSIS
* Nocturnal/Subperiodic periodicity
* (?): stimulates microfilariae to come out even during daytime
* Examination of fresh (?)
* Nuclepore filter: (?)
* (?): Using 10ml of 2% Formalin and 1ml blood
* diethylcarbamizine
* giemsa-stained blood
* hepatinzed blood
* knott technique
63
# wuchereria bancrofti
LAB DIAGNOSIS
* nocturnal periodicity: peak hour of specimen collection are between (?) to (?)
* examination of fresh (?)
* nucleopore filter: (?)
* (?): using 10 ml of 2% formalin and 1 ml blood
* 9 pm, 4 am
* giemsa-stained blood
* heparinized blood
* knott technique
64
# parameter
MICROFILARIA
* size range: 200-280 um long
* sheath: present
* nuclei arrangment: Presence of two distinct nuclei in the tip of the tail; the organism tissue tends to bulge around each of the twi nuclei
brugia malayi
65
# mansonella ozzardi
vectors:
* culicoides sucking midges
* simulium blackfly
66
# loa loa
* After initial bite, individuals infected with Loa loa may experience (?) and localized (?).
* Development of (?) at the site of initial discomfort.
* Localized subcutaneous (?)
* (?) may only be noticeable when seen migrating under the conjunctiva of the eye or crossing under the skin of the bridge of nose
* pruritis, pain
* calabar swelling
* edema
* adult worms
67
# mansonella perstans
TREATMENT
* Diethycarbamazine (DEC)
* Effective alternative is mebendazole
* Ivermectin has not proven effective
68
# mansonella ozzardi
TREATMENT
* Ivermectin
* Diethycarbamazine (DEC)
69
# dracunculus medenensis
intermediate host
copepods
