Blood Banking

Question 1

ABO Grouping

Answer 1

Classifies blood based on presence/absence of A & B antigens on red cells. A, B, AB, O.

Question 2

Rh Factor

Answer 2

A protein (D antigen) on RBC; people are either Rh-pos (have D-antigen) or Rh-neg (don’t have)

Question 3

Crossmatch (XM)

Answer 3

A test that mixes donor red cells with recipient’s plasma to check for compatibility

Question 4

Antibody Screen

Answer 4

Test that looks for unexpected antibodies in the patient’s plasma that may react with transfused blood

Question 5

DAT

Answer 5

Direct Antiglobulin/Antibody Test - detects antibodies or compliment bound to RBC in vivo. Helps diagnose hemolytic anemia.

Question 6

Type & Screen (T&S)

Answer 6

Test that determines ABO/Rh type and checks for unexpected antibodies; done prior to transfusion

Question 7

PAR Level

Answer 7

The number of units stored compared to the projected number required in inventory.

Question 8

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Answer 8

Concentrated red cells used to treat anemia or blood loss; most common blood product

Question 9

Platelets (PLTs)

Answer 9

Cell fragments involved in clotting; transfused in cases of thrombocytopenia or bleeding disorders

Question 10

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)

Answer 10

Plasma separated and frozen within 8 hours of collection; used to replace clotting factors

Question 11

Cryoprecipitate (CRYO)

Answer 11

A component of plasma rich fibrinogen, Factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor; used for bleeding disorders

Question 12

Whole Blood

Answer 12

Contains RBCs, plasma, and platelets; rarely used except in trauma or massive transfusion (MTP) situations

Question 13

Irradiated Blood

Answer 13

Blood that’s been exposed to radiation to inactivate T-cells, preventing graft-vs-host disease

Question 14

Leukoreduced Blood

Answer 14

Blood with white cells removed to reduce febrile reactions and alloimmunization

Question 15

Washed RBCs

Answer 15

Red cells washed with saline to remove plasma proteins - used in patients with severe allergic reactions

Question 16

Alloantibody

Answer 16

An antibody produced in response to antigens from the same species (e.g., transfusion or pregnancy)

Question 17

Autoantibody

Answer 17

An antibody that reacts with a person’s own cells - common in autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Question 18

Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS (IgG antibodies)

Answer 18

Other important blood group systems beyond ABO and Rh; can cause hemolytic reactions if incompatible

Question 19

Cold Antibody

Answer 19

Reacts best at lower temperature (e.g., anti-M); may cause problems during sample processing

Question 20

Warm Antibody

Answer 20

Reacts best at body temperature (e.g., most autoantibodies)

Question 21

Panel (Antibody Panel)

Answer 21

A series of test red cells used to identify a specific antibody in a patient’s serum

Question 22

Reagent

Answer 22

A chemical or biological product used in lab tests (e.g., anti-A serum) Common ones: anti-A (blue), anti-B (yellow), anti-D (clear), anti-IgG (green)

Question 23

Titer

Answer 23

A measurement of antibody concentration, often used in prenatal testing or to monitor alloimmunization

Question 24

Compatibility Testing

Answer 24

Series of tests to ensure donor blood won’t cause adverse reactions in the recipient

Question 25

Mixed Field

Answer 25

Both a negative and positive reaction are present; patient is O neg and are transfused O pos

Question 26

Labeling Test Tubes Requires

Answer 26

Patient name, 2 unique identifiers (DOB, MRN), date/time/ID of phlebotomist, written at bedside

Question 27

Hemolytic Reaction

Answer 27

When transfused RBCs are destroyed by the recipient's immune system; can be life-threatening.

Question 28

Febrile Non-Hemolytic Reaction

Answer 28

Fever/chills after transfusion, usually due to cytokines or leukocyte antibodies

Question 29

TRALI

Answer 29

Severe lung inflammation following transfusion; usually antibody-mediated

Question 30

TACO

Answer 30

Volume overload causing respiratory distress post-transfusion

Question 31

Alloimmunization

Answer 31

Development of antibodies to transfused antigens the recipient doesn't have

Question 32

AHTR

Answer 32

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

Question 33

CMV Negative

Answer 33

Blood tested and found negative for cytomegalovirus; used for neonates or immunocompromised patients

Question 34

Neonatal Alloimmune Hemolytic Disease (HDFN)

Answer 34

A condition where maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal red cells. Type O mothers producing anti-AB IgG antibodies passed to fetus and hemolyze underdeveloped AB antigens

Question 35

Exchange Transfusion

Answer 35

Procedure replacing newborn's blood with donor blood to remove antibodies, bilirubin, or toxins

Question 36

Phototherapy

Answer 36

Light therapy to reduce bilirubin in newborns with jaundice

Question 37

Cord Blood

Answer 37

Blood from the umbilical cord used for neonatal testing

Question 38

DAT Used For

Answer 38

Used to detect maternal antibodies attached to neonatal RBCs, can also be used to investigate transfusion reactions, auto immune hemolytic anemia, sepsis, passively acquired antibodies

Question 39

Low-Volume RBC Unit

Answer 39

Small-volume red cell unit for neonatal transfusions; often ATW: irradiated, leukoreduced, CMV-negative

Question 40

Group O, Rh-neg RBCs

Answer 40

Common choice for neonatal transfusions to minimize antigen exposure

Question 41

Maternal Antibody Screen

Answer 41

Prenatal test to identify antibodies that may harm the fetus

Question 42

Kleihauer-Betke Test

Answer 42

Detects fetal red cells in maternal circulation; helps dose RhIG

Question 43

RhoGam

Answer 43

Product given to Rh neg mother with an Rh pos baby experiencing a fetal bleed into the mother's blood. Prevents anti-D and HDFN

Question 44

FMH (Fetal Maternal Hemorrhage)

Answer 44

Fetal blood screen; mother's plasma detects baby's blood and can start creating antibodies against the baby

Question 45

Fetal Compatibility Test

Answer 45

Newborn type & screen (NTS); needs ABO/Rh, ABS, and DAT to transfuse RBCs to baby if they are anemic

Question 46

Needed to Release Blood:

Answer 46

An order to transfuse & pre-transfusion testing; both need to be completed

Question 47

Pre-transfusion Testing

Answer 47

Once completed, specimen/sample can be stored for 7 days

Question 48

Transfusion Order Requires:

Answer 48

Minimum of 2 identifiers, blood type, amount of blood needed, if there are any special requests, sex/age of patient, prescriber (MD). Orders can be electronic, verbal, or written.

Question 49

Pre-admits

Answer 49

Good to go if no pregnancies or transfusions within the last 90 days