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Transfusion Medicine > Blood banking and component therapy > Flashcards

Blood banking and component therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is xenotransfusion?

A

Transfusing blood from a different species.

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2
Q

Who is credited with the first successful xenotransfusion and what type of blood was used?

A

Jean-Baptiste Denis is credited with the first successful xenotransfusion using lamb’s blood.

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3
Q

When was the first successful Xenotransfusion?

A

17th Century

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4
Q

When did human-to-human blood transfusions become more successful and common, and who played a significant role in this advancement during the nineteenth century?

A

Human-to-human blood transfusions became more successful and common in the nineteenth century, and James Blundell played a significant role in this advancement

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5
Q

What were the key developments that made blood banking possible?

A

Anticoagulant (sodium citrate), fuel (dextrose), and plastic containers were key developments that made blood banking possible.

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6
Q

When did the first commercial veterinary blood bank (Animal Blood Resources International) start, and in which country was it established?

A

Animal Blood Resources International (ABRI) started in 1988 in the USA.

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7
Q

What are the reasons for the increased frequency of blood transfusions over the last 20 years?

A

Advances in understanding erythrocyte antigens and blood-borne diseases.

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8
Q

What is Oxyglobin, and in which year was it introduced in the USA and Europe?

A

Oxyglobin is a veterinary haemoglobin-based oxygen carrying solution. It was introduced in the USA in 1998 and in Europe in 1999.

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9
Q

What are the key differences in licensing requirements for veterinary blood banks between the USA and the UK?

A

In the USA, licensing is not required except in California, whereas in the UK, blood banking is governed by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate under a Non-Food Animal Blood Bank manufacturing license and is also regulated by RCVS.

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10
Q

What are the advantages of closed colonies in veterinary blood banking?

A

No repeated screening required, reduced liability potential, and higher likelihood of familiar donors.

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11
Q

Can you name a veterinary blood bank outside the UK and provide details about its services and donor sourcing?

A

Banco de Sangre Veterinario (BSV) in Valdivia, Chile. They provide a canine and feline service, and blood donors are privately owned pets.

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12
Q

What are the key costs associated with blood banking?

A

Rent or fees for premises, staff salaries, literature production, equipment, screening tests, donor rewards,

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13
Q

Describe the typical adverse reactions in whole blood donors.

A

Hypovolaemia, vasovagal reactions, venepuncture site complications like haematoma or bruising.

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14
Q

What are the potential consequences of low iron levels in pet donors?

A

Iron deficiency can lead to anaemia and affect cognitive and immune performance in donors.

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15
Q

How is proxy consent obtained for blood donation in canines and felines?

A

Proxy consent is given by the animal’s owner, considering motivations like altruism and preserving the human-animal bond.

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16
Q

How is donor safety ensured in blood banking programs for animals?

A

By accepting healthy donors meeting specific criteria, limiting blood volume donation, regular health checks, and careful donor welfare prioritization.

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17
Q

What ethical approaches are discussed regarding animal blood donation?

A

Contractarianism, utilitarianism, deontological approach, and contextual approach.

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18
Q

What are the adverse effects of blood donation in feline donors according to the 2021 study?

A

Adverse effects included emesis, inappetence, and behavioral changes in 1.4% of donations.

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19
Q

How often can a donor typically donate blood to reduce the risk of iron deficiency?

A

Donors can usually donate every two months to reduce the risk of iron deficiency

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20
Q

What considerations are made for donor safety during blood collection?

A

Breed considerations, frequency of donation, and confirming good health before each donation.

21
Q

What is the primary purpose of donor recognition in blood banking programs?

A

The primary purpose is to promote the blood bank to other pet owners and show appreciation to the donor owners.

22
Q

How many red cell antigens have been recognized in dogs?

A

10 red cell antigens have been recognized in dogs.

23
Q

What is the minimum level of canine blood typing that is clinically significant for a blood bank?

A

Establishing the DEA 1 status of a donor, as it is the most clinically significant antigen.

24
Q

What is the prevalence of DEA 1 negative donors among registered blood donors in the UK?

A

Less than 40% of registered blood donors in the UK are DEA 1 negative.

25
Q

Which antigen in dogs is often referred to as a universal donor and why?

A

DEA 4 is often referred to as a universal donor because it is positive for DEA 4 and negative for all other detectable red cell antigens.

26
Q

What is the rarest blood type among cats in the UK?

A

AB blood type is the rarest, making up only 5% of the UK cat population.

27
Q

Which breeds of dogs are more likely to be DEA 1 negative in the UK?

A
  • Basset Hound
    • Boxer
    • Border Collie
    • Curly coated retriever
    • Doberman
    • Dogue de Bordeux
    • English Bull Terrier
      -Flat Coat Retriever
    • German Shepherd
    • Greyhound
    • Lurcher
    • Old English Sheepdog
    • Saluki
    • Weimaraner
28
Q

What factors contribute to the retirement of a blood donor?

A

Age, medical condition, lifelong medication, severe adverse effects to donating, anxiety, and difficult anatomy or conformation contribute to donor retirement.

29
Q

What is a transfusion-transmitted infection in the context of blood transfusions?

A

It occurs when a recipient receives blood from a donor with an infectious blood-borne pathogen, potentially causing clinical disease or carrier status.

30
Q

Name some types of pathogens that can be transmitted through infected blood.

A

Viruses, bacteria, parasites, and prions.

31
Q

What viral factors influence the risk of infection transmission through transfusions?

A

Viral load in the blood product, stage of infection in the donor, and ability of the virus to replicate during product storage.

32
Q

How can existing immunity in the donor and recipient affect the risk of viral infection transmission?

A

Existing immunity may afford some protection to the recipient and help eliminate the virus more rapidly.

33
Q

What are some methods for reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections during donor selection?

A

Vaccinations, proof of negative tests (e.g., heartworm), regular prophylactic treatment, and exclusion criteria based on travel history and outdoor exposure.

34
Q

What are ACVIM Canine Blood Donor Minimal Screening Recommendations for specific blood-borne pathogens in dogs?

A

Recommendations include specific testing for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia canis vogeli, Bartonella henselae, Ehrlichia canis, Leishmania donovani, etc., based on donor populations and endemic areas.

35
Q

How is Brucella canis primarily transmitted, and why is it a concern in the context of blood donation?

A

It is primarily transmitted during mating and parturition and is potentially transmissible in infected blood. Screening is recommended for breeding dogs.

36
Q

What is the purpose of pathogen reduction in blood products, and which products is it especially important for?

A

Pathogen reduction aims to inactivate or kill pathogens in the unit, particularly important for fresh platelet products due to a higher risk of bacterial replication.

37
Q

How do pathogen reduction methods work in blood product preparation, and what are the current methods used?

A

hey damage DNA or RNA to interfere with pathogen replication. Current methods include the addition of a damaging compound or a light-activated compound followed by exposure to visible or ultraviolet light.

38
Q

What is the purpose of a closed system in the quad bag collection system for blood?

A

To prevent exposure of collected blood to air and reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.

39
Q

What components are present in Bag 1 of the quad bag collection system for whole blood?

A

Bag 1 contains anticoagulant (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose - CPD), preservative (2, 3-diphosphoglycerate preservative - 2, 3-DPG), and adenine (CPDA-1) to prevent hemolysis.

40
Q

What is the role of Bag 2 in the quad bag collection system?

A

Bag 2 is empty for plasma collection or leukoreduced blood.

41
Q

Why is component therapy preferred over whole blood transfusions?

A
  • flexible dosing
  • minimizes immune sensitization, - reduces transfusion volume
  • maximizes resources.
42
Q

What temperature range is ideal for transporting platelet concentrate, and why is it crucial?

A

Platelet concentrate should be maintained at 22-24°C as platelets are temperature-sensitive, and this temperature range preserves their function.

42
Q

Describe the importance of maintaining the blood cold chain during blood transportation.

A

The blood cold chain ensures proper temperature control, preserving active coagulation factors, preventing bacterial growth, and maintaining the quality of blood products.

43
Q

How is bacterial contamination in blood products monitored in the blood banking process?

A

Microbiological screening of units is conducted randomly or in a targeted manner to monitor for bacterial growth and potential contamination.

44
Q

What is the critical temperature range for processing blood products?

A

Processing should occur in a temperature-controlled lab between 20-24 degrees Celsius.

45
Q

What does leukoreduction involve, and what is its purpose?

A

Leukoreduction involves reducing white blood cells from the blood product, typically achieved by passing whole blood through a leukocyte depletion filter. It aims to decrease febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions and remove cytokines produced by white blood cells.

46
Q

Describe the Cohn Process in albumin manufacture.

A

The Cohn Process is a five-stage separation process, modifying environmental conditions (pH, ethanol concentration, temperature) at each stage to extract albumin, a highly soluble plasma protein.

47
Q

Why is lyophilization used in blood product processing?

A

Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, prevents cell degradation, facilitates storage and transportation, and extends shelf life for certain blood products such as albumin, platelets, and cryoprecipitate.

Transfusion Medicine (8 decks)

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