BLOOD CANCERS Flashcards
(39 cards)
What is the most common leukaemia in children?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Which leukaemia is associated with Down Syndrome?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
What is the most common leukaemia in adults?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
What is the likely diagnosis if smudge/smear cells are seen on blood film?
Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia
Which leukaemia is known to undergo Richter’s transformation into lymphoma?
Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia
Which leukaemia is associated with warm haemolytic anaemia?
Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia
Which leukaemia has three phases?
What are they?
Chronic Myeloid leukaemia has 3 phases
- Chronic phase (5 years usually asymptomatic, patients may be incidentally diagnosed on high white cell count)
- Accelerated phase (anaemia, thrombocytopenia, immunocompromised)
- Blast phase (severe symptoms and pancytopenia. often fatal)
What cytogenic change occurs that is characteristic of Chronic Myeloid leukaemia?
The Philadelphia chromosome
What haematological malignancy is most commonly associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?
Chronic Myeloid chromosome
What haematological malignancy is associated with auer rods?
Acute Myeloid leukaemia
What is the most common acute adult leukaemia?
Acute Myeloid leukaemia
What can present before Acute Myeloid leukaemia?
Acute Myeloid leukaemia can be the result of a transformation from a myeloproliferative disorder.
What are the different types of leukaemias and what age groups are they associated with ?
ALL CeLLmates have CoMmon AMbitions
- <5 and >45: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
- >55: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
- >65: Chronic Myeloid leukaemia
- >75: Acute Myeloid leukaemia
What would you expect to see on the blood film of someone with Acute Myeloid leukaemia?
blast cells
with auer rods
What age does Hodgkin’s Lymphoma generally present?
bimodal age distribution with peaks around 20 years and 75 years
What is the key presenting symptom of lymphoma?
Lymphadenopathy
They are non-tender and feel “rubbery”
What would you expect to see on a lymph node biopsy of a patient with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cell
What staging system is used for Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Briefly discuss
The Ann Arbor staging system
importance on whether affected nodes are above or below the diaphragm or are both above AND below the diaphragm(Stage 3)
What is Burkitt lymphoma and what is it associated with?
A non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
associated with EBV, malaria and HIV
What is MALT lymphoma and what is it associated with?
MALT lymphoma is a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that affects the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, usually around the stomach
Associated with H. pylori
What is diffuse large B cell lymphoma and how does it normally present?
A non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
often presents as a rapidly growing painless mass in patients over 65 years
What is myeloma?
What is multiple myeloma?
Myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells (a type of B lymphocyte that produces antibodies). Cancer in a specific type of plasma cell ersults in large quantities of a single type of antibody being produced.
Multiple myeloma is where myeloma affects multiple areas of the body.
What is monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance? (MGUS)
An excess of a single type of antibody or antibody components without features of myeloma or cancer.
It’s an incidental finding and as the name suggests its significance is unclear so patients are often followed up to monitor
What is smouldering myeloma?
Where there is progression of MGUS with higher levels of antibodies or antibody components.
It is premalignant and more likely to progresss to myeloma than MGUS
