Blood cancers Flashcards
Leukaemia which relates to leukocytes is a malignant (uncontrolled) proliferation of primitive haematopoetic cells in the bone marrow. Which blood cells can be affected in leukaemia?
1 - RBCs
2 - WBCs
3 - Platelets
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
- leukocytes are WBCs, but leukaemia can affect any cells
Leukaemia which relates to leukocytes is a malignant (uncontrolled) proliferation of primitive haematopoetic cells in the bone marrow. Which of the following occurs in the bone marrow of patients with leukaemia?
1 - bone marrow failure
2 - bone marrow fills with blast cells
3 - poor maturation of RBCs causes anaemia
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
When comparing leakaemia and lymphoma, which is a solid and which is a liquid tumour?
- leukaemia = liquid (blood)
- lymphoma = solid (lymph nodes)
When comparing leukaemia and lymphoma, which cells are generally affected?
- leukaemia = myeloid and lymphoid cells (all bone marrow cells)
- lymphoma = lymphoid cells
When looking at cell lines from the bone marrow we talk about haemopoietic stem cells, which are then able to differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells. Which of the following is NOT classed as a myeloid stem cell?
1 - erythrocyte
2 - thrombocyte (platelet)
3 - monocyte
4 - natural killer cell
5 - granulocyte
4 - natural killer cell
- these are classed as lymphoblasts
- granulocyte = eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil
When looking at cell lines from the bone marrow we talk about haemopoietic stem cells, which are then able to differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells. Which of the following is NOT classed as a lymphoblast stem cell?
1 - pre-B cell
2 - thrombocyte (platelet)
3 - Pre-T cell
4 - natural killer cell
2 - thrombocyte (platelet)
What is the human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1)?
- virus similiar to HIV
- can cause leukaemia
In leukaemia there is an acute and chronic form. What are the 2 acute forms of leukaemia?
- acute lymphoblastic (blast = immature cells)
- acute myeloid
In leukaemia there is an acute and chronic form. What are the 2 chronic forms of leukaemia?
- chronic lymphocytic
- chronic myeloid
In acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia, are they dangerous and who do they generally affect?
- very agressive and rapid spreading
- younger patients
- immature cells affected (blasts = immature cells) in bone marrow
In chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia, are they dangerous and who do they generally affect?
- generally gradual onset
- affect older patients
- mature cells affected in bone marrow
Which of the cells in the image below is a neutrophil?
- a is a neutrophil
- multi lobulated cell
Which of the cells in the image below is a eosinophil?
- b is esinophil
- stains very pink of H&E stain
Which of the cells in the image below is a basophil??
- c is basophil
- appears like a large platelet with no clear nucleus
Which of the cells in the image below is a monocyte?
- d is a monocyte
- nucleus looks like a kidney bean
Which of the cells in the image below is a lymphocyte?
- e is a lymphocyte
- nucleus fills most of the cell
Which of the cells in the image below is a blast cell?
- f is a blast cell
- irregular nuclear and cytoplasm has odd shape
What ages is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia most common in?
- childhood
- most common malignancy in children
What ages is acute myeloid leukaemia most common in?
- median age is 65
- can occur at any age
In bone marrow failure, common in leukaemia, what are 2 common signs that patients may present with, similar to asthma?
- fatigue
- breathlessness
Neutropenia is a common sign of bone marrow failure seen in leukaemia, what is neutropenia?
- infections and ulcers in the mouth
Thrombocytopenia is a common sign of bone marrow failure seen in leukaemia, what is thrombocytopenia?
- means lack of platelets
- bleeding in gums and under skin
Tissue infiltration is common in leukaemia, what is tissue infiltration?
- leukaemia can spread top other tissues
- common tissues include liver, meninges, testivles, skin
As leukaemia causes abnormal proliferation of all blood cells from the bone marrow, what will happen to the WBC number?
- rise