Blood cells

Question 1

_litres of blood = _body mass

Answer 1

5 litres of blood = 8% body mass

Question 2

% of RBCs

Answer 2

42% - 45%

Question 3

% of WBCs

Answer 3

1%

Question 4

% of Plasma

Answer 4

55% - 58%

Question 5

RBCs

Answer 5

Discoid (large SA:V)
No nucleus
Contains haemoglobin
120 day lifespan

Question 6

Describe the regulation of erythropoiesis

Answer 6

Low O2 (hypoxia) in circulation is detected by the peritubular cells in Kidney which secretes erythropoietin 
Increases no. of stem cells committed to erythropoiesis

Question 7

List the stages in iron metabolism

Answer 7

Iron - from diet:
(Fe3+ reduced to Fe2+ by stomach acid) –ve effects of antacids, chelation by
Ferrous iron (Fe2+) tetracycline
Fe3+ produced by mucosal cells of duodenum. Binds to apoferritin to produce ferritin (stores)
Release iron into blood to bind with transferrin (transport) Delivers iron to bone marrow (ferritin stores)
Iron in Hb

Question 8

State how white blood cell production may be regulated

Answer 8

Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) e.g. granulocyte CSF - acts on neutrophil cell line
CSFs stimulated by infections

Question 9

Approximate normal values for haemoglobin

Answer 9

Males 13.5 - 17.5 g/dl

Female 11.5 - 15.5 g/dl

Question 10

Approximate normal values for haematocrit

Answer 10

packed cell volume - centrifuge blood down - % that is RBC

Question 11

Define mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer 11

volume (fl) of individual RBCs = haematocrit/RBCperL

Question 12

How do you determine blood groups?

Answer 12

Determined by antigens on RBCs 
A = A antigens, B antibodies
B = B antigens, A antibodies
AB = A+B antigens
O = no A/B antigens but A+B antibodies

Question 13

What links globin chains?

Answer 13

Covalent bonds

Question 14

Reticulocytes

Answer 14

Immature RBCs - nucleus extruded + taken up by bone marrow macrophages (phagocytic cell)

Question 15

Reticulocytes

Answer 15

Immature RBCs - nucleus extruded + taken up by bone marrow macrophages (phagocytic cell)

Question 16

Process of Maturation

Answer 16

mRNA in reticulocytes allows haemoglobin to still be synthesised
Reticulocytes can enter blood stream (make up 0.5% - 2% of circulating RBCs)
Retic count elevated when erythropoiesis is increased

Question 17

What is Recombinant EPO used clinically?

Answer 17

Recombinant EPO used clinically to treat anaemia linked to renal failure

Question 18

Haem group

Answer 18

Ferrous iron Fe2+ at the centre of a protoporphryn complex

Question 19

How is MCV useful?

Answer 19

Microcytic anaemia
Macrocytic anaemia
Alcohol abuse

Question 20

How is MCV useful?

Answer 20

Microcytic anaemia
Macrocytic anaemia
Alcohol abuse

Question 21

Haemoglobin

Answer 21

Ferrous iron Fe2+ at the centre of a protoporphryn complex

Question 22

Blood cel Production

Answer 22

Fetus + neonate = liver + spleen

Neonate + child + adult = bone marrow

Question 23

Blood cell Production

Answer 23

Fetus + neonate = liver + spleen

Neonate + child + adult = bone marrow

Question 24

How do you prevent haemolytic disease of the new born?

Answer 24

Prevent with Anti-D immunisation - Anti-D immunoglobulin
Given after delivery of 1st child, bins to infant cells that have passed into mother + prevents mother raising antibodies

Question 25

Immunocytes

Answer 25

Lymphocytes

Question 26

What are the 2 groupings for WBCs?

Answer 26

Phagocytes + Immunocytes

Question 27

5 types of Leucocytes

Answer 27

``` Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes ```

Question 28

Platelets

Answer 28

Cellular fragments Non-nucleated Used in clot formation

Question 29

What happens when your iron deficient?

Answer 29

Iron uptake in guts increase Erythyroid regulator from bone marrow Iron stores regulator

Question 30

What happens when your iron deficient?

Answer 30

Iron uptake in guts increase Erythyroid regulator from bone marrow Iron stores regulator

Question 31

How efficient is iron recycling?

Answer 31

90% - from breakdown of RBCs in Liver + Spleen

Question 32

-philia

Answer 32

Increased | - neutrophilia = increased neutrophil count

Question 33

-penia

Answer 33

decreased | - neutropenia = decreased neutrophil count

Question 34

Pancytopenia

Answer 34

Reduction in all cell counts

Question 35

Neutrophils

Answer 35

Phagocytosis of microorganisms (60-70%)

Question 36

Eosinophils

Answer 36

associated with parasite killing + inflammation (1-4%)

Question 37

Basophils

Answer 37

Release histamine in hypersensitivity reactions (0.5%)

Question 38

Monocytes

Answer 38

Phagocytic, leave blood + become macrophages (2-6%)

Question 39

Lymphocytes

Answer 39

Produce antibodies (25-33%)

Question 40

What protein is haemoglobin

Answer 40

Allosteric protein