Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

2.2 Transfusion Science > Blood Component Preparation Red Cell Transfusion > Flashcards

Blood Component Preparation Red Cell Transfusion Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the benefits of dividing blood up into components?
(4)

A

Ensures maximum use of the blood donation - minimises wastage

Products can be ‘tailor made’ for the underlying clinical disorder e.g. factor deficiencies

Avoids unnecessary volume overload

Different optimal storage conditions for red cells, plasma and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

At what temperature should you store red cells

A

4 degrees Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what temperature should you store plasma

A

-20 degrees Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

At what temperature should you store platelets?

A

+22 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the main blood components
(4)

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Frozen plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do we use centrifugation

A

By using centrifugation the different densities of blood components allow separation by centrifugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of centrifugation used?

A

Soft spin
Hard spin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a soft spin do?

A

Separates blood into Plasma rich in platelets and white blood cells and into Red cells

e.g. PRP and RCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a hard spin do?

A

Separates blood into Plasma poor in platelets, buffy coat and Red cell concentrate

PPP, Buffy Coat and RCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is found in the buffy coat?
(4)

A

Plasma
Platelets
White cells
Red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why might someone have a red cell transfusion

A

To improve oxygen carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why might someone have a platelet transfusion?

A

To prevent or stop bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why might someone have a plasma transfusion?

A

To replace clotting factors or proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why did we stop using glass bottles and start using plastic

A

Once the glass bottle was opened the blood could no longer be used as it was no longer sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What anti-coagulant do we use?

A

Citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do we do with freshly donated blood?

A

Mix it to ensure it is thoroughly mixed with he anti-coagulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long does it take to donate blood

A

About 12 mins, or more accurately 10 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens if it takes 15 minutes to donate blood?

A

This sample won’t be used for platelets as this is too slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What must you do to the line when the donation is finished?

A

strip the line to make sure blood in line has also mixed with anti-coagulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When would you realistically administer plasma

A

Used in major haemorrhage

Coagulation factors found in plasma help stop bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is given to patients in America if they have a mass bleed?

A

Whole blood not plasma and packed red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What packs are used for gathering plasma and red cells?

A

Top and top bags used as we are not gathering platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do you do with the first 20mls of blood in a pack

Study These Flashcards
A

This is diverted

24
Q

Why is the first 20mls of blood donated diverted
(2)

Study These Flashcards
A

There will be a bore of skin in the needle from puncturing the skin

This bore will be in the stream of blood

25
What do we do with the first 20ml of diverted blood?
Virology testing is carried out on this diverted blood
26
How do we leukocyte deplete red blood cells (4)
Use SAG-M additive solution Leucocyte filter for the red cells Additive solution is poured through the filter into the red cells -> this primes the filter Red cells and additive solution is ran through the filter -> leucocyte depleted packed rbcs result
27
Give three examples of anticoagulant solutions used
ACD CPD CPDA-1
28
What is ACD? (3)
Acid-citrate-dextrose Dextrose doesn't boil so it can be autoclaved while other sugars would make caramael Used as a preservative in 1945 by the army
29
What is CPD? (3)
Citrate-phosphate-dextrose Phosphate is a buffer pH stabiliser
30
What is CPDA-1
CPD with adenine + 25% glucose than CPD Introduced in 1980 and also used as a storage solution
31
How does CPDA (Citrate, phosphate, dextrose, adenine) work?
Citrate chelates calcium ions which prevents blood from clotting (anticoagulant) Phosphate stabilises pH Dextrose is a nutrient which supports red cell metabolism by maintaining Na/K pump and ATP levels Adenine - increased nucleotide content leading to high in vivo red cell survival by maintaining ATP
32
Give three examples of additive solutions
SAGM (sodium chloride adenine glucose mannitol) AS1-5 (additive solution) - used in USA, if used have to pay royalties, must have similar composition to SAGM PAGG SM (phosphate adenine glucose guanosine sodium chloride mannitol)
33
How does SAGM work (4)
Sodium chloride provides isotonicity Adenine maintains ATP for cell viability Glucose supports red cell metabolism Mannitol helps reduce red cell lysis
34
How are red cells stored (6)
Temperature of 4 degrees +- 2 degrees For 35 days No agitation is needed Monitored all the time Electronic temperature monitor in the fridges Can be reused if not left out of the fridge for more than 30 mins and if not punctured
35
How should plasma be stored? (5)
-20 degrees or below usually below 30 Can be stored for up to 24 months No agitation needed Quarantine period in some countries Cannot be refrozen once thawed for a patient
36
How should platelets be stored? (4)
22 degrees +- 2 degrees 7 days Requires good gas exchange Must be continually agitated usually on flatbed platelet agitator
37
Why do we irradiate our platelets? (3)
Kills DNA material in WBCs This stops WBCs from reproducing Prevents graft versus host disease
38
What is graft versus host disease (3)
Immunodeficient patient such as chemotherapy patient is give a platelet transfusion containing WBCs These WBCs will assume they are back in the bone marrow when transfused and will start growing a reproducing The compromised patient won't be able to fight back these invading white blood cells
39
How do we ensure blood doesn't get left out of fridge for too long? (3)
Each time product is removed from a fridge it must be scanned If brought up to theatre the product will be scanned again If product has been out for more than 30 mins you won't be able to put it back in the fridge -> system won't allow it
40
How long can plasma be left out of the fridge
4 hours
41
Why do platelets need to be agitated
Platelets are very reactive Need to be kept agitated so they don't react
42
Why do platelets need good gas exchange (3)
Platelets produce carbon dioxide This needs to get out of the pack other wise it will form carbonic acid which will alter the pH We use a breathable plastic to allow this
43
Write about apheresis (4)
Donor on machine for up to 4 hours but usually less than 2 hours Blood goes into the machine Platelets are removed Red cells and plasma are returned
44
What is leukodepletion? (4)
Removal of white blood cells Products must contain less than 5x10^6 leucocytes per unit Buffy coat removal alone will not achieve this Filtration is now the accepted method of preparation, using 'third generation' filters
45
What is the most efficient way of leucodepletion?
Leucocyte filters remove 99.99%
46
What are the two types of leucocyte filters?
Red cell filters Platelet filters
47
Where can leucofiltration be done? (3)
At the bedside In the laboratory before issue Leucodepletion using in-line filters
48
How do filters work? (4)
They utilise cotton wool, cellulose acetate, polyester WBCs trapped in the small pores and by adherence Can be influenced by temperature, speed of blood flow and the pre-filtration wbc count Up to 10-15% loss of the component being processed
49
How do we irradiate blood? (4)
Gamma irradiation using caesium or cobalt 25 Gy dose WBCs unable to divide afterwards Prevents transfusion associated GVHD
50
Why would we irradiate products? (5)
Bone marrow transplant Congenital immunodeficiency Premature infants Intrauterine transfusions First degree relatives
51
How is blood frozen (4)
Glycerol concentration is 40% Initial freezing is at -80 degrees of -65 degrees Storage at -65 for 10 years More common method used
52
Why would someone need a red cell transfusion (5)
To increase the oxygen carrying capacity so as to improve tissue oxygenation Rarely needed if Hb greater than 9 g/dl Almost always used if Hb less than 6 g/dl Take into account other factors such as if an old patient has decreased oxygen demand or is on bed rest etc Follow Maximum Surgical Blood Order Schedule (MSBOS)
53
When would whole blood transfusion be carried out
Rarely used for allogeneic transfusion, despite supplying most deficits Restricted to autologous transfusion
54
When would Red Cells (Leucocyte depleted) be transfused
Product of choice To increase oxygen carrying capacity without the blood volume expansion of whole blood
55
What affect will a red cell transfusion have
For ever one unit of red cells transfused there should be a raise in Hb by 1 g/sl

2.2 Transfusion Science (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions