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Emergency Critical Care VTS > Blood components > Flashcards

Blood components Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the most abundant circulating leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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3
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4
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Neutrophils squeeze between cells of the endothelium in a process called diapedesis

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5
Q

How do neutrophils know where to go?

A

They are attracted to site of potential infection or inflammation through a chemical signalling process known as chemotaxis that employs endogenous inflammatory mediators.

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6
Q

When is neutrophilia noted?

A
  1. during inflammatory disease
  2. during infectious disease
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7
Q

What is an indication of band neutrophils?

A

Band neutrophils are released prematurely in response to overhwhelming infection or inflammation.

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8
Q

What is this and its indication?

A

Band neutrophil - step before segmented, fully mature neutrophils. Increase number of band neutrophils is calld bandemia and usually indicates an infection or inflammatory process.

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9
Q

What kind of leukocyte is this?

A

Eosinophil

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10
Q

What is the primary characteristic of eosinophils?

A

red cytoplasmic granules in mature cells.

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11
Q

How long do eosinophils stay in circulating pool?

A

Nove very long. Usually migrate into tissues within hours of their release.

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12
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Reduction of local allergic and anaphylactic reactions. Their granules contain anti-inflammatory substances released at the site of allergic reaction

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13
Q

Are eosinophils phagocytic?

A

minimally phagocytic.

The phagocytic abilities they do have are against pathogenic organisms such as protozoa and some parasitic worms.

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14
Q

What does eosinophilia indicate?

A

allergic reaction
parasitic infections, eg heartworm disease or gastrointestinal parasitism.

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15
Q

What is the primary characteristic of basophils?

A

blue cytoplasmic granules in mature cells.

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16
Q

What kind of leukocyte is this?

A

Basophil

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17
Q

Are basophils common in circulation?

A

Basophils are the rarest white blood cell in circulation.

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18
Q

What do basophil granules contain?

A

histamine and heparin

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19
Q

What is the function of heparin in basophils?

A

Heparin acts as a local anticoagulant to keep blood flowing through the area of injury.

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20
Q

How do eosinophils know where to go?

A

Eosinophils are attracted to the site of allergic reaction by chemotactic factors released by basophilic granules.

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21
Q

What does basophilia indicate?

A

allergic or hypersensitivity reactions.

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22
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

Monocyte

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23
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24
Q

Monocytes makde up what percentage of circulating white blood cells?

A

5-6%

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25
What is a primary characteristic of monocytes?
abundant cytoplasm containing vacuoles of various sizes.
26
When monocytes enter tissue, they are reclassified as what?
Tissue macrophages
27
Where do tissue macrophages tend to reside?
Tissue macrophages are more prevalent in filter organs such as teh liver, spleen and lymph nodes
28
What is the mononuclear phagocyte system? (MPS)
Monocytes and tissue macrophages. They are responsible for clean-up of a wide variety of microscopic debris in the body: cellular debreis left over from inflammation and infection, specific antigens that have been destroyed by lymphocytes and other foreign substances.
29
Indications of monocytes?
Associated with chronic infection
30
What kind of cells are these two?
Lymphocytes
31
Are lymphocytes phagocytic?
They are the only luekocyte that is not phagocytic
32
What are three different types of lymphocytes?
T-lymphocyte B- lymphocyte natural killer (NK) lymphocytes
33
Where are T cells produced?
in the thymus before they migrate to the peripheral lymphoid tissue via lymphatic vessels and fluid.
34
Which lymphocyte is the most common?
T-cells account for up to 80% of peripheral blood lymphocytes
35
How long can T-lymphocytes live
anywhere from 6 months to 10 years.
36
What are the two subtypes of T-lymphocytes?
Killer T cells helper cells
37
What is the function of B lymphocytes?
B lymphocytes produce specifi antibody against specific foreign antigen, even if the body is naive to that antigen.
38
What is humoral immunity?
an adaptive response from the B-lymphocyte, as it recognizes and antigen and releases antibodies specific to that antigen.
39
What is the function of plasma cells derived from B-lymphocytes?
produce, store and release immunoglobulins (antibodies).
40
Where are plasma cells found?
All tissues of the body but most common n lymph nodes and spleen.
41
What are the physical characteristics of natural killer cells?
large and granular
42
where are natural killer cells found?
mainly in secondary lymphoid organs, but can be found in bone marrow.
43
Function of natural killer cells?
lyze variety of tumor cells by responding to substances characteristic to tumor cells.
44
Communicatio of natural killer cells
natural killer cells also release cytokines that recruit other cells.
45
Are natural killer cells phagocytic?
No, the function by osmotic lysis or apoptosis
46
Process of platelet production
Thrombopoiesis
47
What are the precursor cells of platelets?
Megakaryocytes produced in bone marrow.
48
What is normal platelet count?
200,000-800,000/ml
49
How low must platelets fall before spontaneous clinical hemorrhage can be detected?
30,000/microliter
50
TEG: R time (reaction time)
Time to the initiation of the first measurable clot. Dependent on clotting factors and will be impacted by anticoagulants Increase R-Time: reverse anticoagulant or give FFP to give clotting factor
51
TEG: K(kinetics)
Measure of time until 20 millimeters of clot strength. Kinetics of patient clot is dependent on fibrinogen. If increase K - give cryo
52
TEG: alpha Angle
slope from initiation of clot to K-time. Indicates the rate of clot formation (fibrin build up and cross linking) Dependent on fibrinogen. Decreased angle - give cryo
53
TEG: Maximum amplitude
Maximum strength of clot formation. Dependent on platelets, Fibrin and factors II and III Decrease MA - give platelets
54
TEG: LY30
% of clot lysis 30 minutes after maximum amplitude (MA) Looking at fibrinolysis - how much of clot has been broken down. Increase LY30 - antifibrinolytic therapy _ tranexamic acid or aminocaproic acid
55
Increase R time and K-time decrease maximum amplitude and decrease angle Prolonged clot initiation time Indicates hemophilia or anticoagulants treatment: Give FFP or Anticoagulant reversal
56
R - time normal K-time increased Maximum amplitude decreased Normal clot initiation time Prolonged time to form clots Indicates thrombocytopenia, platelet blocker Treatment: Give platelets
57
Prolonged R-time Prolonged K- time decreased angle prolonged clot initiation Prolonged time to form clot Indicates low fibrinogen Give cryoprecipitate
58
Normal R-time Continuously decreasing MA Increase LY30 Indicates fibrinolysis Can see in trauma or hemorrhage Treatment: Give antifibrinolytics - tranexamic acid or aminocaproic acid
59
Increased R time Increased K time decreased maximum amplitude decreased angle Prolonged clot initiation slow rate of clot formation Low clot strength Indicates hypocoagulation Treatment: FFP/Platelets/Cryoprecipitate/ +/- Vit K
59
decreased R-time decreased K-time Increased maximum amplitude increased angle clots are fast to form and many clots are formed without breaking down. Indicated Hypercoagulation Treatment: anti-coagulants, antithrombotics, fibrinolytics
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Emergency Critical Care VTS (21 decks)

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