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BIOSCI 107 Pt2 > Blood Composition and Function > Flashcards

Blood Composition and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is RV?

A

Right ventricle.

Pumps deoxygenated blood from the right atrium up through pulmonary artery to lungs. (low pressure)

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2
Q

What is LV?

A

Left ventricle. Thickest of the heart chambers. Pumps oxygenated blood out of Aorta through Arterial to tissues.

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3
Q

What is RA?

A

Right atrium.

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through Vena Cava and pumps it into the right ventricle

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4
Q

What is LA?

A

Left atrium.

Holding chamber from blood returning from the lungs. Transport blood to the heart

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5
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.

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6
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs.

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7
Q

How much blood in an average person?

A

5L

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8
Q

How much blood go through heart every 24 hours?

A

14000L

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9
Q

Large vessels characteristics

A

High volume, low flow

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10
Q

Small vessels characteristics

A

Low volume, high flow

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11
Q

What are capillaries?

A

branching blood vessels that form a network between arterioles and venules. Need high pressure to pump blood through.

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12
Q

What are arteries?

A

Muscular capillaries (thick walls). Carry blood away from the heart.

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13
Q

What is normal B.P?

A

120/80

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14
Q

What is Systolic pressure?

A

LV at full compression and arteries maximum expansion.

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15
Q

What is Diastolic?

A

Heart at complete rest.

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16
Q

What does B.P ensure?

A
  1. Even and efficient flow through small capillaries
  2. Low enough to prevent capillary leakage
    High enough to avoid coagulation
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17
Q

What does it mean if B.P is high?

A
  • Arteries not expanding/contracting effectively. (hardened, diseased, blocked)
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18
Q

What does it mean if B.P is low?

A
  • Not enough blood pumping through veins & arteries to supply tissues.
  • Fainting = common. Blood not getting to the brain => lack of O2.
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19
Q

Blood definition

A

Liquid CT. Cells surrounded by plasma. Transport O2 from lungs, nutrients from gastrointestinal tract. Both diffuse from blood -> interstitial fluid -> body cells. Wastes (e.g. CO2) move body cells ->interstitial fluid -> Blood -> organs (lungs, kidneys, skin) for elimination

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20
Q

3 different types of cells in blood

A

Erythroid, Myeloid, Lymphoid

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21
Q

What are Erythroid?

A
  • Erythrocyte (RBC)
  • carry hemoglobin
  • Contain iron that carry O2
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22
Q

What are Myeloid?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
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23
Q

Name the 2 Lymphoid

A
  • B cell

- T cells

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24
Q

Name the proteins in blood

A

Albumin, Haemoglobin, Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin

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25
Q

Function of Albumin

A
  • Biggest and most abundant. 50% of blood
  • Provide osmotic pressure
  • “sponge” absorbs fluid = balanced. Transports & binds small molecules and hormones
  • maintain hypotinocity and osmotic pressure
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26
Q

Function of Haemoglobin

A
  • RBC component. Carry O2 heart -> tissue
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27
Q

Function of Fibrinogen

A
  • 7% of blood
  • Form blood clots
  • soluble in blood
    Activated through coagulation cascade.
  • fibrin cross linked fibrin to form clot
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28
Q

Function of Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A
  • Antibodies
  • Diverse repertoire of antigen binding proteins
  • Made by B lymphocytes (plasma cells) in response to specific antigen
  • Combine w/ antigens to neutralize, inhibit or destroy
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29
Q

What are Antigens?

A
  • Antibody generator
  • Intrudes immune response in body
  • Toxin/ foreign substance
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30
Q

What are the 3 formed elements

A

Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Leukocytes

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31
Q

Purpose of Erythrocytes?

A

carry O2 -> tissue

32
Q

Function of Thrombocytes

A

Coagulation and tissue repair

33
Q

Function of Leukocyte

A
  • immune defense

- migrate capillary -> tissue -> infection site => engulf pathogens

34
Q

Function of Complement

A
  • Innate response

- Causes phagocytosis, cytosis, inflammation

35
Q

Function of Coagulation?

A
  • I3 proteins cleaved in cascade
  • Fibrinogen -> fibrin (clot)
  • Ca2+ required
  • Haemophilia = often factor VIII deficiency (blood not clot => bleed to death)
36
Q

What is Centrifugation?

A
  • Add anticoagulant e.g. heperim

- Spin

37
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • ECF in blood vessels
  • Blood w/o formed elements
  • Viscous
  • Contain fibrinogen
38
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

Contain lymphocytes, myeloid cells, leukocytes and WBC

39
Q

What does it mean if there is not enough RBC?

A
  • Anemic
  • DIfficulty breathing
  • Tired
40
Q

What does it mean if there is too many RBC?

A
  • Blood = too viscous

- Cerebral edema

41
Q

What is Electrophoresis?

A

Using electrical current to separate serum proteins into 5 distinct bands

42
Q

What is serum?

A
  • yellow/ straw coloured

- Blood plasma minus clotting proteins (fibrogen) (less viscous)

43
Q

4 steps for electrophoresis

A

Add buffer solution => maintain pH
Add serum -> paper
Apply elec. field (+ve (cathode) and -ve (anode))
Proteins migrate

44
Q

Proteins in electrophoresis

A

Albumin, Globulin, γ fraction, γ globulin fraction

45
Q

What is Multiple Myeloid?

A

leukaemia

  • B cell malignancy -> mature B cell -> make high amounts of antibodies.
  • Monoclonal abs. -> 1 B cell is overproducing particular ab.
  • Ab begins to appear in urine
  • Bents tones protein (typically end point for myeloma
46
Q

3 FACTORS - HEMATOPOIESIS

A

GM - CSF, G - CSF, EPO

47
Q

Function of GM - CSF

A
  • add to blood => massive surge in granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes
48
Q

Function of G - CSF

A
  • for neutrophils
  • made by many cells
  • stimulate production of granulocytes (neutrophils/ eosinophils/basophils)
  • Matures neutrophils
49
Q

Function of EPO

A
  • Erythropoietin
  • make RBC
  • quick and easy way to enhance sport performance
50
Q

What do B cells do?

A

made in the bone marrow.
Provide antibodies.
For adaptive immunity

51
Q

What do T cells do?

A

migrate to thymus.

For cellular adaptive immune response

52
Q

Electrophoresis: How abundant is Albumin?

A

~50%

53
Q

Electrophoresis: How abundant is Globulin?

A

~40%

54
Q

Electrophoresis: What are the proteins in Globulin?

A

α1 , α2 , β , γ (immunoglobulins)

55
Q

Electrophoresis: γ fraction

A

Positively charged

Antibodies reside in negative side

56
Q

Electrophoresis: γ globulin fraction function

A

carry Igs/Abs

57
Q

What does GM - CSF stand for?

A
  • Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor
58
Q

What does G - CSF stand for?

A

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

59
Q

Where is EPO made in adults and prenatal?

A
  • made in the kidney in adults

- made in the liver in prenatal

60
Q

What is GM - CSF produced by?

A

macrophages, cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts

61
Q

How many proteins does complement have?

A

9

62
Q

What is the major component of complement?

A

C3

63
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Process in complement carried out by C3b

- Coat bacteria for phagocytosis

64
Q

What are the 3 pathways of complement?

A

the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the mannose-binding lectin pathway

65
Q

What happens in the classical complement pathway

A

(IgM or IgG are bound by C1)

  • Abs bind to antigens
  • Antigen-Ab complex bind to C1
  • C3 fragments initiate phagocytosis, cytolysis & inflammation
66
Q

What happens in the alternative complement pathway

A
  • Doesn’t involve Abs
  • C3 activated by being close to the surface of a microbe
  • Initiated by interaction between lipid-carb. complexes on the surface of microbes. => C3 activated
67
Q

What happens in the mannose-binding lectin pathway

A
  • Lectins are carb binding proteins

- Bind to carbs on the surface of microbes. Complement condense on these bound lectins => C3 activated

68
Q

What are the Anaphylatoxins?

A

C3a, C4a, C5a

69
Q

What do Anaphylatoxins do?

A

bind to mast cells => histamine release & increase blood vessel permeability flow -> infection site.
- “Inflammation”
C3a attracts phagocytes “chemotaxis”

70
Q

What is the major protein in Erythrocytes?

A

Haemoglobin

71
Q

What are Erythrocytes and how many are there?

A

RBC (have no nucleus)

- ~5-6 mil/mL

72
Q

What are Thrombocytes and how many are there?

A

Platelets

- ~400k/mL

73
Q

What are Leukocytes and how many are there?

A
  • WBC

- ~10k/mL

74
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

75
Q

What does it mean if b.p is above 140-150?

A

Bad = A significant risk for thrombotic diseases (e.g. blood clots, coronary heart disease)

BIOSCI 107 Pt2 (2 decks)

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