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BIOSCI 107 Pt2 > Blood Composition and Function > Flashcards

Blood Composition and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is RV?

A

Right ventricle.

Pumps deoxygenated blood from the right atrium up through pulmonary artery to lungs. (low pressure)

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2
Q

What is LV?

A

Left ventricle. Thickest of the heart chambers. Pumps oxygenated blood out of Aorta through Arterial to tissues.

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3
Q

What is RA?

A

Right atrium.

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through Vena Cava and pumps it into the right ventricle

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4
Q

What is LA?

A

Left atrium.

Holding chamber from blood returning from the lungs. Transport blood to the heart

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5
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.

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6
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs.

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7
Q

How much blood in an average person?

A

5L

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8
Q

How much blood go through heart every 24 hours?

A

14000L

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9
Q

Large vessels characteristics

A

High volume, low flow

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10
Q

Small vessels characteristics

A

Low volume, high flow

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11
Q

What are capillaries?

A

branching blood vessels that form a network between arterioles and venules. Need high pressure to pump blood through.

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12
Q

What are arteries?

A

Muscular capillaries (thick walls). Carry blood away from the heart.

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13
Q

What is normal B.P?

A

120/80

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14
Q

What is Systolic pressure?

A

LV at full compression and arteries maximum expansion.

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15
Q

What is Diastolic?

A

Heart at complete rest.

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16
Q

What does B.P ensure?

A
  1. Even and efficient flow through small capillaries
  2. Low enough to prevent capillary leakage
    High enough to avoid coagulation
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17
Q

What does it mean if B.P is high?

A
  • Arteries not expanding/contracting effectively. (hardened, diseased, blocked)
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18
Q

What does it mean if B.P is low?

A
  • Not enough blood pumping through veins & arteries to supply tissues.
  • Fainting = common. Blood not getting to the brain => lack of O2.
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19
Q

Blood definition

A

Liquid CT. Cells surrounded by plasma. Transport O2 from lungs, nutrients from gastrointestinal tract. Both diffuse from blood -> interstitial fluid -> body cells. Wastes (e.g. CO2) move body cells ->interstitial fluid -> Blood -> organs (lungs, kidneys, skin) for elimination

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20
Q

3 different types of cells in blood

A

Erythroid, Myeloid, Lymphoid

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21
Q

What are Erythroid?

A
  • Erythrocyte (RBC)
  • carry hemoglobin
  • Contain iron that carry O2
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22
Q

What are Myeloid?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
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23
Q

Name the 2 Lymphoid

A
  • B cell

- T cells

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24
Q

Name the proteins in blood

A

Albumin, Haemoglobin, Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin

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25
Function of Albumin
- Biggest and most abundant. 50% of blood - Provide osmotic pressure - “sponge” absorbs fluid = balanced. Transports & binds small molecules and hormones - maintain hypotinocity and osmotic pressure
26
Function of Haemoglobin
- RBC component. Carry O2 heart -> tissue
27
Function of Fibrinogen
- 7% of blood - Form blood clots - soluble in blood Activated through coagulation cascade. - fibrin cross linked fibrin to form clot
28
Function of Immunoglobulins (Ig)
- Antibodies - Diverse repertoire of antigen binding proteins - Made by B lymphocytes (plasma cells) in response to specific antigen - Combine w/ antigens to neutralize, inhibit or destroy
29
What are Antigens?
- Antibody generator - Intrudes immune response in body - Toxin/ foreign substance
30
What are the 3 formed elements
Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Leukocytes
31
Purpose of Erythrocytes?
carry O2 -> tissue
32
Function of Thrombocytes
Coagulation and tissue repair
33
Function of Leukocyte
- immune defense | - migrate capillary -> tissue -> infection site => engulf pathogens
34
Function of Complement
- Innate response | - Causes phagocytosis, cytosis, inflammation
35
Function of Coagulation?
- I3 proteins cleaved in cascade - Fibrinogen -> fibrin (clot) - Ca2+ required - Haemophilia = often factor VIII deficiency (blood not clot => bleed to death)
36
What is Centrifugation?
- Add anticoagulant e.g. heperim | - Spin
37
What is plasma?
- ECF in blood vessels - Blood w/o formed elements - Viscous - Contain fibrinogen
38
What is the buffy coat?
Contain lymphocytes, myeloid cells, leukocytes and WBC
39
What does it mean if there is not enough RBC?
- Anemic - DIfficulty breathing - Tired
40
What does it mean if there is too many RBC?
- Blood = too viscous | - Cerebral edema
41
What is Electrophoresis?
Using electrical current to separate serum proteins into 5 distinct bands
42
What is serum?
- yellow/ straw coloured | - Blood plasma minus clotting proteins (fibrogen) (less viscous)
43
4 steps for electrophoresis
Add buffer solution => maintain pH Add serum -> paper Apply elec. field (+ve (cathode) and -ve (anode)) Proteins migrate
44
Proteins in electrophoresis
Albumin, Globulin, γ fraction, γ globulin fraction
45
What is Multiple Myeloid?
leukaemia - B cell malignancy -> mature B cell -> make high amounts of antibodies. - Monoclonal abs. -> 1 B cell is overproducing particular ab. - Ab begins to appear in urine - Bents tones protein (typically end point for myeloma
46
3 FACTORS - HEMATOPOIESIS
GM - CSF, G - CSF, EPO
47
Function of GM - CSF
- add to blood => massive surge in granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes
48
Function of G - CSF
- for neutrophils - made by many cells - stimulate production of granulocytes (neutrophils/ eosinophils/basophils) - Matures neutrophils
49
Function of EPO
- Erythropoietin - make RBC - quick and easy way to enhance sport performance
50
What do B cells do?
made in the bone marrow. Provide antibodies. For adaptive immunity
51
What do T cells do?
migrate to thymus. | For cellular adaptive immune response
52
Electrophoresis: How abundant is Albumin?
~50%
53
Electrophoresis: How abundant is Globulin?
~40%
54
Electrophoresis: What are the proteins in Globulin?
α1 , α2 , β , γ (immunoglobulins)
55
Electrophoresis: γ fraction
Positively charged | Antibodies reside in negative side
56
Electrophoresis: γ globulin fraction function
carry Igs/Abs
57
What does GM - CSF stand for?
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor
58
What does G - CSF stand for?
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
59
Where is EPO made in adults and prenatal?
- made in the kidney in adults | - made in the liver in prenatal
60
What is GM - CSF produced by?
macrophages, cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts
61
How many proteins does complement have?
9
62
What is the major component of complement?
C3
63
What is opsonization?
Process in complement carried out by C3b | - Coat bacteria for phagocytosis
64
What are the 3 pathways of complement?
the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the mannose-binding lectin pathway
65
What happens in the classical complement pathway
(IgM or IgG are bound by C1) - Abs bind to antigens - Antigen-Ab complex bind to C1 - C3 fragments initiate phagocytosis, cytolysis & inflammation
66
What happens in the alternative complement pathway
- Doesn’t involve Abs - C3 activated by being close to the surface of a microbe - Initiated by interaction between lipid-carb. complexes on the surface of microbes. => C3 activated
67
What happens in the mannose-binding lectin pathway
- Lectins are carb binding proteins | - Bind to carbs on the surface of microbes. Complement condense on these bound lectins => C3 activated
68
What are the Anaphylatoxins?
C3a, C4a, C5a
69
What do Anaphylatoxins do?
bind to mast cells => histamine release & increase blood vessel permeability flow -> infection site. - “Inflammation” C3a attracts phagocytes “chemotaxis”
70
What is the major protein in Erythrocytes?
Haemoglobin
71
What are Erythrocytes and how many are there?
RBC (have no nucleus) | - ~5-6 mil/mL
72
What are Thrombocytes and how many are there?
Platelets | - ~400k/mL
73
What are Leukocytes and how many are there?
- WBC | - ~10k/mL
74
What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
75
What does it mean if b.p is above 140-150?
Bad = A significant risk for thrombotic diseases (e.g. blood clots, coronary heart disease)

BIOSCI 107 Pt2 (2 decks)

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