Blood Disorders Flashcards

Question

What is the classification of anemia based on RBC morphology?

Answer 1

SIZE: - normocytic - microcytic - macrocytic Hb level: - normochromic - hypochromic

Answer 2

* weakness * paleness (if # of RBCs decrease, it leads to paleness) * malaise * fatigue * dyspnea (↓ O2 content) * spoon shape nail * myocardial hypoxia * CNS symptoms (may cause faint) - b/c not enough O2 to brain * kidney hypoxia

Answer 3

1) Blood loss: - acute (trauma) - chronic (GI tract lesions, gynecologic disturbances) 2) Increased rate of destruction (hemolytic anemia) A) Hereditary - membrane disorders - enzyme deficiencies - deficient globin synthesis (thalassemia) - structurally abnormal globin (sickle cell anemia)) B) Acquired (means there's a factor in the body) - antibody mediated (blood transfusions) - autoantibodies (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) - infections (Malaria - parasite that lives in RBC & can cause anemia over time) 3) Impaired RBC production A) ↓ Proliferation / differentiation of stem cells - aplastic anemia - renal failure (b/c no prod. of erythropoietin in kidney) - endocrine disorders B) ↓ Maturation of erythroblasts ● defective DNA synthesis - Vitamin B12 deficiency - Folic acid deficiency ● ↓ Hb synthesis: - ↓ heme synthesis (iron deficiency) - ↓ globin synthesis (thalassemia)

Answer 4

* normocytic normochromic anemia * caused by external or internal bleeding * loss of intravascular volume * may lead to cardiovascular collapse, shock, and death * blood volume is rapidly restored by shift from interstitial fluid * renal hypoxia causes ↑erythropoietin * increase in reticulocytes after a few days * leukocytosis (mobilization of granulocytes)

Answer 5

share the following features: - shortened RBC life span - increase in erythropoietin - increase in erythropoiesis in bone marrow - accumulation of products of Hb catabolism (rate of destruction is increased, therefore lifespan of RBC are shorter)

Answer 6

* Is caused by production of a defective Hb (HbS) * A point mutation in beta globin chain * Higher incidence in black Americans * Protects against malaria

Answer 7

* When deoxygenated, HbS molecules aggregate and forms polymers * Defective RBCs: phagocytosis in spleen * ↑ Bilirubin * Enlarged spleen (tries to make more RBC to compensate) * Bone marrow hypreplasia * Chronic hypoxia may cause organ damage (spleen, heart, kidney, lung) * Autosplenectomy (infarction, fibrosis) (spleen is enlarged & then becomes smaller & smaller)

Answer 8

* ↓ Synthesis of alpha or beta globin chains * Microcytic hypochromic anemia * ↑ RBC destruction * ↑ Erythropoietin (due to anemia) * Erythroid hyperplasia in bone marrow * Extramedullary hematopoiesis (liver, spleen) * ↑ Iron absorption (tries to make more RBCs - precipitates in diff tissues & damages) * ↑ HbF and HbA2 in thalassemia major

Answer 9

β-thalassemia α-thalassemia

Answer 10

classified into 2 categories: β0: total absence of β chain β+: ↓β chain synthesis Surgically removed spleen of a thalassemic child (15 times larger than normal)

Answer 11

* Reduced or absent synthesis of α-globin chains * α-thalassemia major is lethal (all Hbs contain α-chain)

Answer 12

A) Megaloblastic anemia * Vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) * Folic acid deficiency

Answer 13

- impaired DNA synthesis - normochromic macrocytic anemia - decrease in RBC, WBC, platelets - large hypersegmented neutrophils - bone marrow is hypercellular (b/c trying to make more RBCs) - ineffective hematopoiesis and ↑RBC destruction

Answer 14

* Decreased intake - inadequate diet - vitamin B12 cannot be produced by human body, must be obtained from diet - impaired absorption * Intrinsic factor deficiency * intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells of gastric mucosa * pernicious anemia (antibodies to parietal cells & intrinsic factor * gastrectomy

Answer 15

Vit B12 - protein --> released by proteases in small intestine --> Vit B12 - intrinsic factor --> absorbed in ileum

Answer 16

* Humans are dependent on diet folic acid. * Causes of folic acid deficiency: * Decreased intake - inadequate diet - impaired absorption * Increased loss or need - hemodialysis (kidney disease) - increased need (pregnancy)

Answer 17

* Most common nutritional disorder (children, infants, females) * Microcytic hypochromic anemia * ↓Erythroid progenitors * Iron is absorbed in duodenum * Free iron is highly toxic * Iron is bound to ferritin or transferrin * Mimics the symptoms of anemia in chronic disease (e.g. infections, cancer) Koilonychia (spoon- shaped nails)

Answer 18

* Bone marrow failure associated with ↓WBC, ↓RBC, and ↓platelet * Suppression of multi-potent myeloid stem cells * Caused by exposure to infections, chemicals, radiation or drugs * Could be reversible or irreversible * Hypocellular bone marrow

Answer 19

* Abnormally increased number of RBC, WBC, platelets * ↑ Hb and/or ↑ HCT level * Hypercellular bone marrow * Relative polycythemia: - results from any cause of dehydration

Answer 20

- primary polycythemia: caused by intrinsic abnormality of myeloid stem cells - secondary polycythemia: caused by ↑erythropoietin

Answer 21

Leukemia is cancer of blood-forming tissues, including bone marrow and lymphatic system. * It usually involves WBCs

Answer 22

- chemotherapy/radiation therapy for other cancers - exposure to chemicals (e.g. benzene) - smoking cigarettes - genetic disorders (e.g. Down syndrome) - family history of leukemia

Answer 23

* Acute leukemia - immature blood cells (blasts) replicate rapidly - disease worsens quickly - cells cannot carry out normal function - requires timely treatment * Chronic leukemia - involves more mature blood cells - replicate more slowly - typically can function normally

Answer 24

* Lymphocytic leukemia - affects lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) - lymphocytes are part of immune system * Myelogenous leukemia - affects the myeloid cells - myeloid cells give rise to RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Answer 25

* Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL): - most common type of leukemia in young children * Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) - occurs in children and adults - most common type of acute leukemia in adults * Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) - most common chronic adult leukemia - patient may feel well for years without treatment * Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) - mainly affects adults - patient may have no symptoms for years

Answer 26

* Symptoms depends on the type of leukemia * Common signs and symptoms include: * fever or chills, ↑sweating especially at night * persistent fatigue, weakness * losing weight without trying * swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen * frequent or severe infections * easy bleeding or bruising * recurrent nosebleeds * petechiae (red spots in skin) * bone pain or tenderness

Answer 27

Low blood platelet count (<150,000 per microliter blood)

Answer 28

A) Trappingofplateletsinspleen: - Enlarged spleen harbor platelets → ↓blood platelets B) Decreased platelet production - leukemia, other cancers - some types of anemia (e.g. folic acid deficiency) - viral infections (e.g. hepatitis C, HIV) - chemotherapy, radiation therapy - heavy alcohol consumption C) Increased destruction of platelets * pregnancy: usually mild and improves after childbirth * immune related: autoimmune disease (e.g. lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) * bacteremia (bacteria in blood) * thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (small blood clots form throughout body so platelets are used) * hemolytic uremic syndrome (↓platelets, ↓RBC, impaired kidney function) * medications (e.g. heparin)

Blood Disorders Flashcards

(52 cards)