Blood Disorders

Question 1

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 1

Formation of blood cells

Question 2

Where does hematopoiesis occur in children?

Answer 2

bone marrow and (lesserdegree) spleen and liver

Question 3

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adult?

Answer 3

bone marrow and lesser degree liver and spleen (during disease)

Question 4

Where does hematopoiesis occur in utero?

Answer 4

yolk sac, bone marrow, liver and spleen

Question 5

What is excessive bleeding called?

Answer 5

hemorrhage

Question 6

What is excessive clotting called?

Answer 6

thrombus, embolus

Question 7

What are 2 disorders of red blood cells?

Answer 7

1. Anemia 2. Polycythemia

Question 8

What is anemia?

Answer 8

Abnormal reduction in number of RBC’s, quantity of hemoglobin, or concentration of RBC’s in the blood

Question 9

What are 7 signs and symptoms of anemia?

Answer 9

1. fatigue 2. paleness 3. tachycardia 4. shortness of breath 5. dizziness 6. headache 7.coldness and tingling in extremities

Question 10

What are 2 causes of loss of RBC’s?

Answer 10

1. loss of blood 2. increased rate of RBC destruction (hemolytic disease)

Question 11

What are 2 causes of decreased production of RBC’s?

Answer 11

1. nutrient deficiency 2. bone marrow disorders

Question 12

What are 2 causes of chronic blood loss?

Answer 12

1. Menstruation in females 2. bleeding from gastrointestinal ulcers

Question 13

3 causes of anemia due to hemolytic disease? (increased rate of RBC destruction)

Answer 13

1. thalassemia 2. sickle cell anemia 3. erythroblastosis fetalis

Question 14

What is thalassemia?

Answer 14

decreased synthesis of hemoglobin components. As a result RBC’s are recognized as abnormal and are destroyed.

Question 15

What would we see on a radiograph of someone with thalassemia/sickle cell anemia?

Answer 15

“hair-on-end” and “step-ladder” trabecular pattern

Question 16

Answer 16

Hair on end radiographic appearance from

1. thalassemia
2. sickle cell anemia

Question 17

What is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 17

crescent shaped morphology of RBC’s (amino acid change from genetic mutation). RBC’s are recognized as abnormal and are destroyed

Question 18

What is the other name for eryhtoblastosis fetalis?

Answer 18

Hemolytic disease of new-born

Question 19

What is eryhtroblastosis fetalis?

Answer 19

Occurs when an Rh- mother has a Rh+ child on first pregnancy, during delivery, there is blood exchange and the mother develops Rh antibodies. During the next pregnancy if the fetus is Rh positive. The mothers antibody will cross the placenta and destroy the RBC’s of the fetus.

Question 20

What are 2 anemias due to nutritional deficiencies?

Answer 20

1. pernicious anemia
2. iron deficiency anemia

Question 21

What is pernicious anemia?

Answer 21

When parietal cells of gastric mucosa do not funciton properly and dont properly produce “intrinsic factor”. Instrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitabin B12. WIthout it, RBC’s are abnormal.

Question 22

What is iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 22

Lack of iron leads to decreased production of RBC’s?

Question 23

What person is iron deficiency anemia most common?

Answer 23

women of child bearing age (menstrual blood loss)

Question 24

What are 3 other symptoms associated with iron deficiciency anemia… other than decreased RBC’s

Answer 24

1. angular chelitis
2. loss of filiform papillae
3. distortion of taste

Question 25

What are the symptoms of Plummer-Vinson Syndrome?

Answer 25

it is a syndrome exhibiting iron deficiency anemia, esophageal webs-strictures, and increased risk of esophageal/oral cancer

Question 26

What is an example of anemia due to bone marrow disorders?

Answer 26

Aplastic Anemia

Question 27

What is aplastic anemia?

Answer 27

failure of stem cells to form RBC's, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 28

What are the 5 signs/symptoms of aplastic anemia?

Answer 28

1. weakness 2. pallor 3. infections 4. ulcers 5. hemorrhage

Question 29

What is Polycythemia?

Answer 29

Increase in RBC's per unit volume of blood

Question 30

What are the 3 types of polycythemia?

Answer 30

1. relative polycythemia 2. physiologic polycythemia 3. pathologic polycythemia

Question 31

What is relative polycythemia? what are the symptoms?

Answer 31

decrease in plasma volume results in hemoconcentration vomitting, diarrhea, dehydration

Question 32

What is the cause of pathologic polycythemia?

Answer 32

often idiopathic but can be due to abnoraml increase in eryhtropoiesis, and may be related to medications, or presence of neoplasms

Question 33

What is the negative effect of polycythemia?

Answer 33

blood flow is sluggish and may lead to ischemia and thrombosis

Question 34

2 examples of non-neoplastic leukopenia

Answer 34

1. agranulocytosis 2. cyclic neutropenia

Question 35

What is agranulocytosis?

Answer 35

Decrease in WBC's, particularly neutrophils (PMNs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

Question 36

What is cyclic neutropenia?

Answer 36

unsual from of agranulocytosis

Question 37

What is cyclic neutropenia?

Answer 37

periodic or cyclic decrease in circulation neutrophils due to transient bone marrow maturation arrest

Question 38

What is an example of non-neoplastic leukocytosis?

Answer 38

infectious mononucleosis

Question 39

What is the cause of infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 39

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 40

What is the result of having infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 40

increase in atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Patient will ahve fever, chills, nausea, vomitting, pharyngitis. May also cause intraoral petechiae

Question 41

What are 3 malignancies of WBC's

Answer 41

1. Leukemias 2. Lymphomas 3. multiple myeloma

Question 42

What is Leukemia?

Answer 42

Overproduction of immature WBC's.

Question 43

What are 3 types of leukemia?

Answer 43

myeloid, lymphoid, monocytic

Question 44

What is Lymphoma?

Answer 44

overproduction of malignant lymphocytes (from lymph nodes)

Question 45

What are the different types of lymphomas?

Answer 45

1. non-hodgkin 2. hodgkin

Question 46

signs and symptoms of lymphomas?

Answer 46

fever, weight loss, nocturnal sweats

Question 47

What is multiple myeloma?

Answer 47

multicentric lesions involving bone. most frequent in elderly males

Question 48

What people are multiple myelomas most common in?

Answer 48

Elderly males

Question 49

radiographic features of multiple myeloma?

Answer 49

punched-out radiolucencies of skull