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Basic Medicine > Blood Glucose Concentration > Flashcards

Blood Glucose Concentration Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Definition of homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment around an optimum level

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2
Q

5 factors that need to be controlled

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH of blood
  3. Blood glucose concentration
  4. Water potential
  5. Ion concentration of the blood
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3
Q

Why must CO2 and urea be removed from the body?

A

Both are poisonous to cells

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4
Q

How is CO2 formed and where is it removed?

A
  1. Through respiration

2. From the lungs

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5
Q

How is urea formed and where is it removed?

A
  1. Excess amino acids from protein

2. Kidneys remove urea from the blood and excreted as urine

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6
Q

Which organ is urea formed in?

A

Liver

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7
Q

2 main treatments for patients with kidney failure:

A
  1. Transplant

2. Dialysis

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8
Q

Which hormones control blood glucose concentration?

A
  1. Glucagon

2. Insulin

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9
Q

Which organ produces the hormones to control blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas

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10
Q

What is the storage for carbohydrates in the liver and muscles?

A

Glycogen

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11
Q

What is type 1 diabetes and how can it be treated?

A
  1. Where not enough insulin is made in the body

2. Inject insulin into the body so insulin levels don’t drop

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12
Q

What main components are there of an incubator?

A
  1. Thermometer to detect temperature change
  2. Thermostat acting as a coordinator
  3. Heating element
  4. Signal/detector to detect changes in temperature
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13
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the change produced by the control system leads to a change in the stimulus detected by the receptor and turns the system off

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14
Q

Importance of maintaining a stable blood glucose concentration?

A
  1. Reliable source of glucose for respiration available
  2. So water potential of cells stays the same
  3. Prevents osmotic damage of the blood
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15
Q

Importance of maintaining a stable core temperature and stable blood pH:

A

So enzymes can function at their optimum rate as they’re sensitive to changes

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16
Q

Which cells produce and secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells of the pancreas

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17
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Acts on liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose that is then released into the blood stream to raise blood glucose concentration

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18
Q

Which cells produce and secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells of the pancreas

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19
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Increases uptake of glucose by cells and its conversion to glycogen or fat to lower blood glucose concentration

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20
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

When the feedback causes the corrective measures to remain turned on, and in doing so, causes the system to deviate even more from the original (normal) level

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21
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

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A

In neurones where a stimulus leads to a small influx of sodium ions. This increases the permeability of the membrane to sodium ions so more can enter.

22
Q

What is the role of a receptor in a control system?

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A

Detects a stimulus and sends impulses to the coordinator

23
Q

What is the role of a coordinator in a control system?

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A

Receives impulses from receptors and coordinates an appropriate response, sending impulses to the appropriate effector

24
Q

What is the role of an effector in a control system?

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A

It is often a muscle of gland that carries out a response

25
Where are hormones produced?
In glands
26
How are hormones transported?
In the blood plasma of the bloodstream
27
How do small, lipid soluble hormones act on cells?
They enter across the phospholipid bilayer
28
How do hormones consisting of protein act on cells?
They attach to specific receptors on the cell-surface membrane of target cells
29
What are the islets of Langerhans?
Small patches of cells in the pancreas that are dedicated to making and secreting hormones
30
What two types of cells make up the islets of Langerhans?
Alpha and beta cells
31
What is glycogenesis?
The conversion of excess glucose into the insoluble storage compound glycogen, which can be stored in cells.
32
What is glycogenolysis?
The hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose which then diffuses back into the bloodstream
33
What is gluconeogenesis?
The production of glucose from sources other than carbohydrates. When glycogen supply is exhausted, the liver can produce glucose from sources such as glycerol and amino acids.
34
What are the three sources of blood glucose?
1. Directly from the diet 2. Through glycogenolysis 3. Through gluconeogenesis
35
What is the response to high blood glucose concentration?
1. Beta cells of islets of Langerhans detect rise through receptors 2. Secrete insulin into bloodstream 3. Insulin binds to glycoprotein receptors (on almost all cells) 4. Changes shape in tertiary structure of glucose transport carrier proteins 5. Increase of glucose into cells by facilitated diffusion 6. More vesicles fusing with cell-surface membrane to increase number of glucose transport channels 7. Insulin activates enzymes for glycogenesis 8. Insulin inhibited by negative feedback mechanism when blood glucose levels drop
36
How does insulin act on fat storage tissue?
Insulin activates enzymes that convert excess glucose into fatty acids and glycerol so it can be stored as fat
37
What is the response to low blood glucose concentration?
1. Fall in concentration detected by alpha cells of islets of Langerhans 2. Glucagon secreted directly into bloodstream 3. Travels to the liver where it attaches to specific protein receptors on the cell-surface membrane 4. Activates enzymes for glycogenolysis 5. Activates enzymes for gluconeogenesis 6. Glucagon inhibited by negative feedback mechanism when blood glucose levels rise
38
What 4 hormones increase blood glucose concentration?
1. Glucagon 2. Adrenaline (epinephrine) 3. Growth hormone 4. Cortisol
39
How does adrenaline act in the second messenger model?
1. Binds to transmembrane protein on liver cell 2. Receptor changes shape on inside of membrane 3. Activates adenylate cyclase inside the membrane 4. Activates adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) 5. cAMP changes the shape and activates protein kinase 6. Protein kinase catalyses the conversion of glycogen to glucose
40
What are the two functions of the pancreas?
1. Produce digestive enzymes | 2. Produce hormones to control blood glucose concentration
41
What is the structure of glycogen?
1. Highly branched 2. Alpha glucose 3. Polysaccharide
42
What happens in Type 1 diabetes?
Affected person has a problem with the beta cells in the pancreas- they may have been damaged or destroyed by an autoimmune disease. Therefore pancreas cannot release insulin when glucose levels rise
43
What is hypoglycaemia?
When blood glucose levels fall too low
44
How can hypoglycaemia happen?
1. Inject too much insulin 2. Skip a meal 3. Too much strenuous exercise
45
What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia?
1. Sweating 2. Trembling 3. Hunger 4. Blurring of vision 5. Difficulty in concentration
46
How can a person treat hypoglycaemia?
Eating sugars to raise the blood glucose concentration and symptoms will disappear
47
What is hyperglycaemia?
When the blood glucose levels rise too high
48
How can hyperglycaemia happen?
1. Taking too little insulin | 2. Eating too much carbohydrate
49
What are the symptoms of hyperglycaemia?
1. Feeling sick 2. Drowsiness 3. Stomach pain
50
What happens in type 2 diabetes?
It occurs as all cells become unable to respond to insulin. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released normally, but cannot be detected properly by cells
51
How is Type 1 diabetes treated?
Injections of insulin - either fast acting or slow release insulin preparations
52
How is Type 2 diabetes treated?
1. Controlling diet 2. Reducing intake of refined carbohydrates 3. Reducing fat content 4. Exercise to improve body's sugar metabolism

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