Blood & Heart Flashcards
(35 cards)
1
Q
Components of the Circulatory System
A
- The Cardiovascular System (CVS) = the heart and “blood” vessels
- The Lymphatic System = A system of vessels, nodes, and associated structures that is in series with the cardiovascular system
2
Q
Cardiovascular System (CVS)
A
Function: transport of nutrients, hormones, oxygen; waste, carbon dioxide
3
Q
Lymphatic System
A
Functions are:
a. The Immune Response
b. Receiving absorbed fat from the digestive tract
c. Controlling volume of interstitial fluid
4
Q
Hematology
A
- the study of blood; 2 major portions,
* plasma + formed elements
5
Q
Plasma (Blood Matrix)
A
- a water based, complex solution
- Major solutes =
- salts, minerals
- bicarbonate buffer
- sugars, amino acids, vitamins
6
Q
Plasma Proteins (most made by your liver)
A
• Albumins • Globulins – Including antibodies (made by lymphocytes) • Lipoproteins • Clotting Factors
7
Q
Formation of blood = Hemopoiesis
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- formed elements arise from a single cell type (myeloid tissue + lymphoid tissue)
- hemocytoblast
- differentiates into 2 cell types which produce all other blood cells
8
Q
Characteristics of Erythrocytes (RBCs)
A
- anucleate
- lack mitochondria
- bluish to fire-engine red
- 1/3 full of hemoglobin
- carry oxygen, but can’t use it
- flexible, disc-shaped
9
Q
Hemoglobin
A
- Carries oxygen on “heme” molecules bonded to iron
- Each hemoglobin protein carries 4 oxygen molecules
10
Q
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
A
- from megakaryocytes
- granulated cell fragments
- involved in blood coagulation
11
Q
WBCs - 2 classes
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- granulocytes
2. agranulocytes
12
Q
Granulocytes
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- Have prominent intracellular granules and “lobed” or segmented nuclei
- Has 3 types:
- Neutrophils (60-70% of WBC, first at infection site)
- Eosinophils (1-4% of WBC)
- Basophils (< 1% of WBC)
13
Q
Neutrophils
A
- PMNL = Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes
* “neutral” granules involved in phagocytosis
14
Q
Eosinophils
A
“Acidic” red staining granules involved in fighting parasitic infections, dissolving clots and minor phagocytosis
15
Q
Basophils
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“Basic” blue staining granules involved in inflammation responses
16
Q
Agranulocytes
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• Non-segmented (non-lobed) nuclei, but shape of nucleus may still vary
• No prominent granules
• Has 3 types:
- monocytes (3-8% of WBC)
- macrophages (activated monocytes)
- lymphocytes (20-30% of WBC)
17
Q
The Cardiovascular System
A
- Heart
- Layers of heart
- Epicardium
- Parietal pericardium
18
Q
The Heart
A
A dual pump (R and L)
• Function: to adequately perfuse head and body tissues against peripheral resistance OR to initiate blood flow
19
Q
Layers of the heart wall
A
- endocardium = t. intima of the heart, simple squamous epi., + loose CT
- myocardium = t. media; cardiac muscle
20
Q
Epicardium
A
(t.externa) (visceral pericardium) = simple squamous epi + loose CT
21
Q
Parietal pericardium
A
- A fibrous CT loose fitting sac lined with simple squamous epi.
- Stabilizes the position of the heart through its peripheral attachments
22
Q
The four chambers - dual pump
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- Atria = thin-walled receiving chambers, derived from veins
- Ventricles = thick-walled, pumping chambers derived from arteries
23
Q
Atria
A
- auricles = folded extensions of the atria, increase volume
- pectinate muscle = atrial muscle, “honeycomb” appearance
- R atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit
- openings: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
- L atrium receives blood from: the lungs
- openings from pulmonary veins
24
Q
Ventricles
A
- trabeculae carnae = “crossbars of flesh”
- R ventricle thinner wall, pumps to lungs
- moderator bands control the volume of the RV if present
- L ventricle 2-3 X’s thicker than the RV, pumps to systemic circuit
25
Septa cross walls or dividers of the hearts
1. interatrial - between atria
2. interventricular - between ventricles
3. atrioventricular - between atria and ventricles (2 parts)
26
2 Parts of atrioventricular
A. cardiac skeleton: a fibrous CT skeleton supporting the heart valves and chambers
B. heart valves (in the atrioventricular septum) 4 in 2 sets
- atrioventricular (cuspid valves) between atria and ventricles
- semilunar valves between ventricles and major arteries
27
Functions of the heart valves
- atrioventricular (AV) valves: between atria and ventricles
| - semilunar (SLV) valves: between ventricles and major arteries
28
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
* (AVVs) permit: atrioventricular flow
* (AVVs) prevent: ventriculoatrial reflux
* AVVs are attached to accessory structures
* chordae tendineae - fibrous cords, “heart strings”
* papillary muscles - fingerlike muscles attached to chordae tendineae
* keep AVVs closed during ventricular contraction
29
Semilunar (SLV) valves
* major arteries = pulmonary trunk and aorta
* (SLVs) permit: ventriculoarterial flow
* (SLVs) prevent: arterioventricular reflux
30
Intrinsic Conduction System
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• sends rhythmic impulses through the heart to synchronize heart rate and stimulate contraction
• types of nodes:
- sinoatrial node (SA Node)
- atrioventricular node (AV Node)
• the atrioventricular bundle
```
31
Sinoatrial node
Pacemaker, located in the R atrium near the superior vena cava
32
Atrioventricular node
The first structure used to stimulate contraction of the ventricles, located near the center of the AV septum
33
Atrioventricular bundle
The (AV) bundle of HIS
• bundle branches lead to the L and R ventricle respectively
• Purkinje fibers terminal branches of the conduction system, continuous with cardiac muscle fibers
34
Major CVS Circuits
1. systemic: LH -> H & B -> RH; high variable resistance circuit
– coronary (the vasa vasorum of the heart) LH -> H -> RH
– Part of the systemic circuit
2. pulmonary: RH -> L -> LH; low, constant resistance circuit
– In series with the systemic circuit
35
Types of blood vessels functional classes
* arteries: resistance vessels, high-pressure lines, carry blood away from heart
* veins: capacitance vessels, low-pressure lines, carry blood to the heart
* capillaries: exchange vessels
