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PHGY 209 > BLOOD II > Flashcards

BLOOD II Flashcards

1
Q

There are […] major forms of fluid transport across the capillary wall: […]

A

2, filtration and osmotic flow

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2
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

Bulk flow is the flow of molecules subjected to a pressure difference. It is directly proportional to hydrostatic pressure difference.

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3
Q

How does bulk flow relate to filtration in the capillaries?

A

Filtration is bulk flow across a porous membrane (the capillary wall), where large particles will be withheld.

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4
Q

Filtration tends to […] fluid in the capillaries because […], while osmotic flow tends to […] fluid in the capillaries because […]

A

Push out, hydrostatic pressure difference, pull in, of the osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins

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5
Q

The two […] forces in the capillaries, […] and […], come together to form the […]

A

Opposing, filtration and osmotic flow, starling forces

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6
Q

Explain how blood pressure changes as it travels through the circulatory system.

A

When the heart contracts, it generates a pressure of around 120 mm Hg. When it relaxes, the pressures comes down to 80 mm Hg. When the blood reaches the capillaries at the arterial end, the pressure drops to 35 mm Hg because the surface area is greater and there is energy loss. When the blood leaves the capillaries at the venous end, the pressure has dropped further to 15 mm Hg

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7
Q

Exchanges between the plasma and the ISF take place in the […]

A

Capillary bed

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8
Q

Why do exchanges between the plasma and the ISF only take place where they do?

A

They only take place in the capillary bed because the capillaries have thin enough walls for exchanges. Everywhere else, the walls are too thick.

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9
Q

The blood pressure in the capillaries at the arterial side is […], while at the venous side it is […]

A

35 mm Hg, 15 mm Hg

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10
Q

The COP is equal to […]

A

25 mm Hg

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11
Q

Describe the major forces involved in transcapillary dynamics and where net absorption and net filtration are observed in the capillary bed.

A

At the arterial end, filtration exerts a pressure 35 mm Hg and COP exerts an opposing pressure of 25 mm Hg, creating a net filtration of 10 mm Hg. At the venous end, filtration exerts a pressure fo 15 mm Hg and COP exerts an opposing pressure of 25 mm Hg, creating a net absorption of 10 mm Hg.

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12
Q

Name the 4 substances that exchange through the capillary wall (aside from fluid) and the mode of transport.

A

Nutrients, O2, CO2, and waste are exchanged via simple diffusion

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13
Q

Starling’s capillary dynamics determine the […] of the […] volume

A

Distribution, ECF

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14
Q

Filtration/absorption takes place […]

A

Along the whole length of the capillary

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15
Q

Describe how filtration/absorption varies across the length of the capillary.

A

Arterial end: high rate of fluid moving out of the cell, as we move towards the center net filtration decreases, at the middle it’s bidirectional, moving towards the venous end the net absorption increases, at venous end there’s a lot more absorption.

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16
Q

[…]% of the fluid that leaves the capillary is reabsorbed. The other [..]% goes into the […]

A

90%, 10%. lymphatic system

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17
Q

The walls of the lymphatic vessels are made up of […] and are permeable to […]

A

A single layer of endothelial cells, all ISF constituents including proteins that may have leaked from the plasma

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18
Q

Explain how the flow of blood remains in balance (include numbers) - draw a diagram to illustrate

A
  • Total Blood Flow 6,000L
  • Volume filtered into ISF 20L
  • Volume returned by absorption into the capillary 17L
  • Volume returned by lymph drainage 3L
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19
Q

Each protein fraction exerts an osmotic pressure, which depends on […]

A

NUMBER (NOT their configuration, size, or charge) of osmotically active particles/unit volume.

20
Q

Explain the relationship between plasma protein COP and molecular weight.

A

Each protein fraction exerts an osmotic pressure which is
1- Directly related to its CONCENTRATION in the plasma
2- Inversely related to the MOLECULAR WEIGHT of that protein (steel ball vs feather)

21
Q

Albumin exerts […] mm Hg COP in the plasma out of […]

A

20

22
Q

Globulins exert […] mm Hg COP in the plasma out of […]

A

5

23
Q

Fibrinogens exert […] mm Hg COP in the plasma out of […]

A

less than 1

24
Q

The main protein that causes the COP to rise is […]

A

albumin

25
Q

The key function of albumin is to […]

A

control fluid shifts across the capillary wall.

26
Q

Name the 4 major factors involved in determining transcapillary dynamics

A

1- Hydrostatic pressure
2- C.O.P
3- Capillary permeability
4- Lymphatic drainage

27
Q

What is edema?

A

accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
(3-1 ratio)

28
Q

When someone has edema, the proportion of […] increases, while the proportion of […] decreases

A

ISF, Pl

29
Q

Name the four possible conditions that can lead to edema.

A

↑ hydrostatic pressure (more adapt to loose fluid)
↓ Plasma protein (i.e. C.O.P)
↑ Capillary permeability
obstruction of lymphatic drainage

30
Q

Explain how hydrostatic pressure affects edema.

A

if hydrostatic pressure increase enough, it may overwhelm the COP and prevent any net absoption from occuring, even at the venous end - instead you could get no net absorption or just net filtration

31
Q

Explain how plasma proteins affect edema.

A

if the prevalent of plasma proteins decreases such that COP decreases, it may overwhelm the hydrostatic pressure and prevent any net absoption

32
Q

Name two possible causes of decreased COP.

A

a) failure to synthesize plasma proteins
e.g., Liver disease
b) Severe Protein Malnutrition (lack of amino acids)

33
Q

Explain how capillary permeability affects edema.

A

Normally, there is very little protein in the ISF

If the capillary wall becomes more permeable, some of the plasma proteins escape into the ISF where they can exert an oncotic effect. encourages outflow of the fluid from the capillaries into the ISF

34
Q

explain how lymphatic drainage affects edema.

A

The body fluid always returns all the chest point, but if there’s an obstruction, they can’t and go in the interstitial space

35
Q

Obstructed lymphatic drainage can lead to a condition known as […]

A

Elephantiasis

36
Q

The cause of elephantiasis is [..]

A

Blockage of lymphatic drainage resulting from parasite (Filaria nematode) infestation (the result)

37
Q

Name the 3 roles of plasma proteins

A
  1. Major role: determining the distribution of fluid between the plasma and the ISF compartments by controlling transcapillary dynamics
  2. Contribute to the viscosity of plasma (Viscosity is a contributing factor to the maintenance of blood pressure)
  3. Contribute to the buffering power of plasma / Normal pH range ~7.4
38
Q

Name the specific function(s) of fibrinogen

A
  • Fibrinogen are essential to clotting
39
Q

Name the specific function(s) of globulins

A
  • clotting
  • y globulin (immoglobuline) provide specific resistance to infection
  • acts as carriers for lipids, minerals, hormones
40
Q

Name the specific function(s) of albumin

A

act as carriers for lipids, minerals, hormone

41
Q

The production of platelets is called […]

A
  • THROMBOPOIESIS
42
Q

The production of white blood cells is called […]

A
  • LEUKOPOIESIS
43
Q

what determined how much water will flow into or out of capillaries

A

The C.O.P of plasma

44
Q

diffusion is responsible for …

A

for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes across the capillary wall

45
Q

the role of the starling forces

A

determine the distribution of ECF volume between plasma and ISF

46
Q

capillary bed

A

site where exchanges take place between plasma and ISF. There’s many who divides in more. The ISF go into the capillaries by osmotic

47
Q

The production of red blood cells is called […]

A
  • ERYTHROPOIESIS

PHGY 209 (6 decks)

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