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PHGY 209 > BLOOD III > Flashcards

BLOOD III Flashcards

1
Q

Red blood cells are also called […]

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

White blood cells are also called […]

A

Leukocytes

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3
Q

Platelets are also called […]

A

Thrombocytes

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4
Q

Erythrocytes are present at a concentration of […] in the blood and are the […] numerous blood cell type.

A

5 million cells/uL
Most

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5
Q

Thrombocytes are present at a concentration of […] and are the […] numerous blood cell type

A

250,000-400,000 cells/uL
Second-most

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6
Q

Leukocytes are present at a concentration of […] and are the […] numerous blood cell type.

A

8000-10,000 cells/uL
Least

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7
Q

Erythrocytes have a diameter of […] and are the […] blood cell type.

A

7.2 uL
Second largest

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8
Q

Thrombocytes have a diameter of […] and are the […] blood cell type.

A

2-3 uL
Smallest

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9
Q

Leukocytes have a diameter of […] and are the […] blood cell type.

A

10-18 uL
Largest

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10
Q

Red blood cells have a lifespan of […]

A

120 days

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11
Q

Thrombocytes have a lifespan of […

A

7-8 days (1 week)

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12
Q

Leukocytes have a lifespan of […]

A

Anywhere from hours to many years

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13
Q

The production of blood cells originates from […], the […], and is [the same/different] for all blood cell types.

A

A pluripotential stem cell
Inducer
The same

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14
Q

The generation of all blood cells is called […]

A

A
Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

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15
Q

Explain the two paths that a pluripotential stem cell can take during development.

A

It can either divide and self-replicate or, if it is stimulated, become a committed stem cell and differentiate into one of the three blood cell types. (with a stimulant)

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16
Q

The production of white blood cells is called […]

A

Leukopoiesis

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17
Q

The production of platelets is called […]

A

Thrombopoiesis

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18
Q

The production of red blood cells is called […]

A

Erythropoiesis

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19
Q

What are cytokines?

A

They are substances, proteins or peptides, which are released by one cell and affect the growth, development, and activity of another cell.

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20
Q

What is the role of cytokines in the blood? What are they called?

A

They are what influence the differentiation of pluripotential stem cells into blood cell precursors. They are referred to as Hematopoietic Growth Factors (HGFs).

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21
Q

Most Hemotopoietic Growth Factors (HGFs) are produced in the […], and some come from […]

A

Endothelial cells which line the blood vessel
White blood cells

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22
Q

In the prenatal stage, describe the major sites of hematopoiesis and the timespan of each.

A

First month: yolk sac
From month 1 to month 9: Liver and spleen
From month 3 to birth: Bone marrow of all bones

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23
Q

In the postnatal stage, describe the major sites of hematopoiesis and the timespan of each.

A

After birth, there’s a decrease in the production of blood cells by the distal long bones (arms, thighs, legs). They continue producing some blood cells until early 20s, but most hematopoiesis takes place in the axial skeleton

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24
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The flat bones of the skull, shoulder blades, pelvis, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and proximal epiphyses of long bones.

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25
Q

Under stressful conditions, how do the sites of hematopoiesis change?

A

Adults can sometimes revert back to producing blood cells in the diaphysis of the bones. Sometimes the liver and spleen can get involved too.

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26
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

To facilitate the transport of respiratory gases (mainly oxygen, some carbon dioxide) between lungs and cells.

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27
Q

Erythrocytes have a […] shape due to […]

A

Biconcave disk, due to the presence of a fibrous protein called “spectrin” that forms a network linked to the cell membrane, which regulates the shape of the cell.

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28
Q

What is CBC?

A

It stands for complete blood count.
It comprises red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration

29
Q

Name two physiological advantages to the biconcave shape of the erythrocyte

A
  1. Maximal surface area and minimal diffusion distance for its volume

2.High degree of flexibility
(Allows cells to squeeze through narrow capillaries)

30
Q

Describe the subcellular organelles in erythrocytes.

A

No Subcellular Organelles

31
Q

The normal number of erythrocytes in males is […]

A

5.1 – 5.5 x 106/µL

32
Q

The normal number of erythrocytes in females is […]

A

4.5 - 4.8 x 106/µL

33
Q

What is the rate of production and rate of destruction of erythrocytes?

A

~ 2x106 / sec

34
Q

Describe the composition of erythrocytes.

A
  • Water (ions and proteins in it)
  • 33% of Hb (to transport the oxygen)
35
Q

The major enzyme systems in erythrocytes are […]

A
  • GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES
  • CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
36
Q

Explain the function of glycolytic enzymes in RBCs.

A

Generate Energy (ex. ATP or glucose) / Convert glucose (6 carbons) to pyruvate (3 carbons) and 2 molecules of ATP (use as energy)

37
Q

Explain the function of carbonic anhydrase.

A

CO2 Transport
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3
CO2 transport: 3% as CO2, 27% attached to Hb(globin), 70% as HCO3

38
Q

Each molecule of hemoglobin can bind to […] molecules of […]

A

4, O2

39
Q

When hemoglobin is combined with O2, it is known as […] (include acryonym)

A

OXYHb

40
Q

Hemoglobin once the oxygen is released is called […] (include acronym)

A

DeoxyHb

41
Q

Describe the structure of a hemoglobin molecule.

A

4 chains of polypeptide: 2 a chain and 2 b chain. Each chain is associate with a heme. Each molecule of heme is associate with an atom. Therefore, the oxygen will associate to it.

42
Q

There are […] molecules of hemoglobin per red blood cell.

A

200-300 x 106 molecules /RBC

43
Q

The molecule weight of hemoglobin is […]

A

64K

44
Q

In lungs, hemoglobin appears […] because it is […]

A
45
Q

In tissues, hemoglobin appears […] because it is […]

A
46
Q

Explain why hemoglobin is necessary in the blood.

A
47
Q

Name the two other functions of hemoglobin

A
48
Q

How is CO2 transported in red blood cells?

A
49
Q

Name the 5 factors that affect the ability of hemoglobin to bind and release oxygen.

A

1- temperature
2- ionic composition
3- pH
4- pCO2
5- intracellular enzyme concentration

50
Q

Where does the production of RBCs take place?

A

in the bone marow

51
Q

Under the influence of cytokines, what are the two possible committed groups that pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into?

A
52
Q

What is a myeloid stem cell?

A
53
Q

What is a lymphoid stem cell?

A
54
Q

The […] stem cell gives rise to erythrocytes.

A
55
Q

The main cytokine that influences red blood cell production is called […] and is secreted by the […]

A
56
Q

The differentiation of myeloid eventually gives rise to cells called [….], which are the […] to red blood cells.

A
57
Q

The process of division and differentiation of myeloid cells into reticulocytes takes […]

A
58
Q

Once the reticulocyte is formed, it moves into the […], where it remains recognizable for […] before transforming into a […]

A
59
Q

Name the 3 steps of red blood cell precursor differentiation.

A
60
Q

The process of nucleus loss is known as […]

A
61
Q

What feature allows reticulocytes to be recognizable from regular blood cells?

A
62
Q

What is the normal reticulocyte count?

A

< 1 %

63
Q

The reticulocyte count reflects the […] of red blood cells

A

(Reflects the amount of effective erythropoiesis in bone narrow)

64
Q

If someone has a reticulocyte count of 5%, what does this indicate?

A
65
Q

What are the 2 main factors that determine the number of red blood cells in the body? Briefly explain.

A
  1. O2 requirements. If you have more O2, you will create more blood cell.
  2. O2 availability
66
Q

The rate of erythropoiesis is […]

A
67
Q

As altitude increases, how does red blood cell count change?

A
68
Q

The stimulus for the release of erythropoietin is […], which may result from […], […], or […]

A
69
Q

Describe how the regulation of erythropoiesis maintains homeostasis.

A

Erythropoietin, released from the kidney in presence of hypoxia, stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs, thereby maintaining HOMEOSTASIS.

PHGY 209 (6 decks)

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