What imparts fluid properties to blood?
Plasma
Volume of packed erythrocytes in a sample of blood is called?
Hematocrit
Which sex has a higher hematocrit reading?
Men
Leukocytes and platelets constitute what % of the blood volume?
1%
What % of the blood is formed by:
Plasma
55%
What % of the blood is formed by:
Hematocrit (And in what % each)
45%
WBC + Platelets: 1%
RBC: 44%
What % of WBC is formed by:
Neutrophils
~60%
What % of WBC is formed by:
Eosinophils
~4%
What % of WBC is formed by:
Basophils
<1%
What % of WBC is formed by:
Lymphocytes
~27%
What % of WBC is formed by:
Monocytes
~8%
Average Size of an RBC
7-8 uM Diameter
2 uM Thickness
Shape of an RBC
Biconcave Disc
[T/F] RBC have a nucleus
F
What gives RBC its biconcave shape?
Spectrin interacting with actin, forming a filamentous network attached to ankyrin
Function: Band 3 Protein
Anion transporter which maintains ionic concentrations
Function: Protein 4.1
Maintains membrane-skeleton framework
Function: Glycophorin Protein
Attached to the plasma membrane for passages of substances. Rationale for ABO/Blood Transfusion
What happens to RBCs in a hypertonic solution?
Crenation
What happens to RBCs in a hypotonic solution?
Hemolytic swelling
What is a Rouleaux?
What causes it?
“Stack of Coins”
Increased proteins such as in immune response
What is Agglutination?
Clumping of RBCs
Result of antibody vs RBC membrane antigen reaction
What is the concentration of fluids isotonic to blodo plasma?
0.9 Normal Saline Solution IV Fluids
Cause of Erythroblastosis fetalis?
Difference in Rh blood groups of mother and fetus
What is characteristic of Anemia?
Decreased number of functioning RBC/Amount of hemoglobin in RBC
What causes sickle cell anemia?
Mutation of 1 amino acid in the beta chain of Hb
Average size of a platelet
2-3uM
Shape of a platelet?
Thin, biconvex disc
[Platelets]
What contains proteins important for clotting?
Granules
[Platelets]
Where are granular contents discharged?
Canaliculi
[Platelets]
Differentiate Granulomere and Hyalomere
G: Thicker, central region
H: Thin, pale-blue peripheral zone
[Platelets]
What is used for contraction or clot retraction?
Actin/Myosin
4 Types of Alpha Granules
Platelet Factor IV
Von Willebrand Factor
Platelet Derived Growth Factor
Thrombospondin
Function: Platelet Factor IV
Counteracts heparin for formation of blood clot
Function: Von Willebrand Factor
Ahdesion of platelet to injured blood vessel
Function: Platelet Derived Growth Factor
Fibroblast proliferation for repairing injury such as in blood vessel wall
Function: Thrombospondin
For platelet adhesion and aggregation
Examples of Dense Granules (3)
Function?
- ADP
- Calcium
- Serotonin
Supportive function, vasoconstriction
What is Hemostasis?
Formation of a blood clot
Name the phases in order (5)
- Vascular Phase
- Platelet Adhesion/Aggregation Phase
- Plasma Coagulation Phase
- Clot Retraction Phase
- Fibrinolysis/Clot Destruction Phase
[What’s Happening?]
Vascular Phase
Initiated by physical injury to blood vessels
[What’s Happening?]
Platelet Adhesion/Aggregation Phase
Formation of a platelet plug
Platelets adhere to site of injury due to von Willebrand factor
What releases von Willebrand factor?
Damaged Endothelium
What causes additional platelet adhesion?
Adherent platelets release adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane A2
[What’s Happening?]
Plasma Coagulation Phase
Fibrin forms a network of fibers which traps cells and platelets forming a thrombus or clot
What is the primary plug?
What is the secondary plug?
Which is stronger?
Platelet Plug
Fibrin Network: Semi-solid Gel
Both of them together
[What’s Happening?]
Clot Retraction Phase
Continuity of blood vessels to reduce chance of further hemorrhage
[What’s Happening?]
Clot Destruction Phase
Clot dissolved by plasmin
For regulation and control after complete repair of injury to restore normal circulation
What are the only nucleated blood cells?
Leukocytes
Shape of Leukocytes (Non-motile and motile forms)
Spherical and non-motile
Flattened ameboid and motile
[Neutrophils] Granulocytic of Agranulocytic? Plenty during? How long does it stay in the blood? How long does it stay in tissues?
Granulocytic
Bacterial Infections
8 Hours
1-2 Days
[Identify]
2 or more lobes + chromatin strands
Drumstick appendage in females
Dark nucleus due to highly condensed chromatin
Neutrophils
[Neutrophils]
Two types of Cytoplasmic Granules?
- Non-specific/Azurophilic
2. Specific
What are the most numerous WBCs as well as the most common granulocytes?
Neutrophils
[Specific Granules in Neutrophils]
Name 3
Function?
- Alkaline Phosphatase
- Collagenase
- Lysozyme
Contains enzymes and complement activators and other antimicrobial peptides
[Eosinophils]
How long does it stay in the blood?
How long does it stay in CT?
6-10 Hours
8-12 Days
[Eosinophils]
Functions (3)
Defense against parasites
Damage control in allergic reactions (Degrades histamine)
Chronic Inflammation (Phagocytoses and disposes antigen-antibody complexes)
[Specific Granules of Eosinophils]
Shape and Size
Types
Large and crystalloid
Major Basic Protein
Eosinophil Cationic Protein
Eosinophil Peroxidase
Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin
[Non-Specific Granules of Neutrophils]
Name 3
Peroxidase
Acid Phosphatase
B-Glucuronidase
[Non-Specific Granules of Eosinophils]
Name 2
Histamine
Aryl Sulfatase
[Basophil]
Describe Nucleus
Fucntion
Bilobed
Allergic Response
[Specific Granules of Basophils]
Name 3
Histamine
Heparin
SRS-A
[Non-specific Granules of Basophils]
Give an example
None
Basophils have no lysosomes, they are not phagocytic
[Lymphocytes]
3 Descriptions
Recirculating: Most long-lived
Smallest WBC
High N:C Ratio
[Monocytes]
Describe Size
Describe Nucleus
Largest: 17-20 uM
Eccentric, pale staining, bean-shaped nucleus
[Macrophages]
Function
“BIg Eater”
“Cleans Up”
Antigen-Presenting Cell
[Macrophages]
What are they called in:
- Lung
- Liver
- Brain
- Alveolar Macrophages
- Kuppfer Cells
- Microglia
[Major Plasma Proteins]
List 5
Albumin Globulin a, b, and gamma Complement Proteins Clotting Factors Plasma Lipoproteins
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Albumin
Maintain colloid osmotic pressure; transport insoluble metabolites
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Globulin a, b, and gamma
A & B: Transport metal ions, protein-bound lipid, and lipid-soluble vitamins
G: Antibodies for Host Defense
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Complement Proteins
Destruction of Microorganisms
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Clotting Factors
Formation of Blood Clot
I really hope you press 5 on this one >_<
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Plasma Lipoproteins
Transport of triglycerides from cholesterol to/from liver
[T/F]
WBCs are transfused
F
[Blood Transfusion]
What do you need for:
- Blood Loss during Surgery/Trauma
- Anticoagulant Overdose
- Dengue
- RBCs
- Fresh Frozen Plasma
- Platelets
What is the process in which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells?
Hemopoiesis
[Lifespan of Blood Cells]
- Granulocytes
- Platelets
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- RBC
- Memory Lymphocytes
- 1-2 Days
- 9-12 Days
- 1-3 Days
- Months
- 4 Months
- Years
[Site of Hemopoiesis]
Intrauterine (3)
Birth (1)
I: Yolk Sac, Liver, Spleen
B: Bone Marrow
Two Types of Bone Marrow
Red and Yellow
What type of Bone Marrow is found in newborns? By what age does it change, and to what color does it change?
N: Red
By age 10, it becomes yellow mostly
Sites of Red Marrow (6)
Skull Ribs Sternum Vertebral Column Pelvis Proximal Femur/Humerus
What is the Monophyletic Theory of Hemopoeisis?
Pluripotential Hemopoetic Stem Cell gives rise to all types of blood cells
[Characteristics of Precursor Cells]
Name 5
- Common
- Unipotential
- Fast Dividing
- Non-self Renewing
- Morphologically Distinct
[What Occurrence is Responsible For These]
- RBC
- Granulocytes
- Platelets
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Erythropoiesis
- Granulopoiesis
- Megakaryopoiesis
- Monopoiesis
- Lymphopoiesis
Megakaryopoiesis occurs through?
Endomitosis
What occurs during Endomitosis?
Repeated nuclear division (karyokinesis) without cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
How can you visualize reticulocytes?
With supravital stains, e.g. cresyl blue
[T/F]
Pluripotential Hemopoietic Stem Cells are self-renewing.
T
[Changes During Hemopoiesis]
Cell Size
Nuclear Size
Nucleoli + Euchromatin
Cytoplasm
Effects?
Cell Size Decreases
Nuclear Size Decreases
Nucleoli + Euchromatin Decreases
Cytoplasm Decreases in Basophilia
Mitotic activity is only up to the _____ stage
Self-renewal is only up to the _____ stage
Precursor Cell Stage
Progenitor Cell Stage
[Changes During Erythropoiesis]
Cell Size
Organelles
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Effects?
Cells become smaller
Organelles are lost
Nucleus smaller/darker -> Pycnotic -> Extruded
Basophilic -> Eosinophilic (As Ribosomes are replaced by Hb)
[Proerythroblast]
Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features
Mildly basophilic
Large nucleus with 1-2 Nucleoli
[Basophilic Erythroblast]
Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features
Intensely basophilic cytoplasm
Slightly darker nucleus, no nucleoli
[Polychromatophilic Erythroblast]
Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features
Combined blue (ribosomes) and pink (Hb) = Grey or dull cytoplasm More condensed chromatin = Checkerboard Nucleus
Last cell capable of mitosis
Hb production begins
[Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast / Normoblast]
Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm similar to RBC
Nucleus small, dark and pycnotic
Last stage before nucleus is extruded
Described as a unit of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
Erythroblastic Island
[Granulopoiesis Effects]
Cell Size Nuclear Size Nuclear Shape Chromatin Nucleoli Granules Cytoplasm Color
Decrease Decrease Change -> Kidney/U Shaped Condensation Decrease in number then disappear Azurophilic Granules first, then Specific Granules Increasing Eosinophilia of Cytoplasm
[Myeloblast]
With or Without Granules?
With or WIthout Nucleoli?
Divides how many times?
No granules
3-5 Nucleoli
Divides 3x
[Promyelocyte]
With or Without Granules?
With or WIthout Nucleoli?
Special characteristic?
With Azurophilic Granules
With nucleoli
Increases in size, the only exception to the trend
[Myelocyte]
With or Without Granules?
Nucleus Shape?
With or WIthout Nucleoli?
Special characteristic?
Specific granules appear here
Elliptical nucleus
No nucleoli
Last cell capable of mitosis
[Metamyelocyte]
Nucleus shape?
Granules?
Cytoplasm color?
Deeply indented nucleus
80% Specific Granules»_space;> Non-specific Granules
Colorless to slightly acidophilic cytoplasm
If the indentation of the nucleus is less than 50% of its diameter, it is a metamyelocyte
[Band Cell]
Nucleus shape?
Where is it commonly found?
“U” or “Horseshoe” Shaped Nucleus
Found during bacterial infection
[Non-Bacterial Causes of Neutrophilia]
- Severe inflammation (appendicitis)
- Diurnal variation (higher in afternoon)
- Stress
- Glucocorticosteroid intake
- Exercise
[Antiplatelets Agents]
What does Clopidogrel do?
Name 2 other agents
Prevents clotting and myocardial infarction, works on enzymes that activate factors for clotting
Vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba
[Erythropoietin]
Where is it produced?
Function?
When is it produced?
Kidney
For RBC production
Produced due to decreased tissue oxygen due to blood loss or increased need for O2 such as high altitudes
[Interleukins]
Produced by? (2)
When is it produced?
- T Cells
- In response to microbial invasion
- Releases ILs to activate macrophages, which produce CSFs - Macrophages
- IL-activated Macrophages will induce Fibroblasts/Endothelial cells to produce CSF
