Blood Lecture Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What imparts fluid properties to blood?
A
Plasma
2
Q
Volume of packed erythrocytes in a sample of blood is called?
A
Hematocrit
3
Q
Which sex has a higher hematocrit reading?
A
Men
4
Q
Leukocytes and platelets constitute what % of the blood volume?
A
1%
5
Q
What % of the blood is formed by:
Plasma
A
55%
6
Q
What % of the blood is formed by:
Hematocrit (And in what % each)
A
45%
WBC + Platelets: 1%
RBC: 44%
7
Q
What % of WBC is formed by:
Neutrophils
A
~60%
8
Q
What % of WBC is formed by:
Eosinophils
A
~4%
9
Q
What % of WBC is formed by:
Basophils
A
<1%
10
Q
What % of WBC is formed by:
Lymphocytes
A
~27%
11
Q
What % of WBC is formed by:
Monocytes
A
~8%
12
Q
Average Size of an RBC
A
7-8 uM Diameter
2 uM Thickness
13
Q
Shape of an RBC
A
Biconcave Disc
14
Q
[T/F] RBC have a nucleus
A
F
15
Q
What gives RBC its biconcave shape?
A
Spectrin interacting with actin, forming a filamentous network attached to ankyrin
16
Q
Function: Band 3 Protein
A
Anion transporter which maintains ionic concentrations
17
Q
Function: Protein 4.1
A
Maintains membrane-skeleton framework
18
Q
Function: Glycophorin Protein
A
Attached to the plasma membrane for passages of substances. Rationale for ABO/Blood Transfusion
19
Q
What happens to RBCs in a hypertonic solution?
A
Crenation
20
Q
What happens to RBCs in a hypotonic solution?
A
Hemolytic swelling
21
Q
What is a Rouleaux?
What causes it?
A
“Stack of Coins”
Increased proteins such as in immune response
22
Q
What is Agglutination?
A
Clumping of RBCs
Result of antibody vs RBC membrane antigen reaction
23
Q
What is the concentration of fluids isotonic to blodo plasma?
A
0.9 Normal Saline Solution IV Fluids
24
Q
Cause of Erythroblastosis fetalis?
A
Difference in Rh blood groups of mother and fetus
25
What is characteristic of Anemia?
Decreased number of functioning RBC/Amount of hemoglobin in RBC
26
What causes sickle cell anemia?
Mutation of 1 amino acid in the beta chain of Hb
27
Average size of a platelet
2-3uM
28
Shape of a platelet?
Thin, biconvex disc
29
[Platelets]
What contains proteins important for clotting?
Granules
30
[Platelets]
Where are granular contents discharged?
Canaliculi
31
[Platelets]
Differentiate Granulomere and Hyalomere
G: Thicker, central region
H: Thin, pale-blue peripheral zone
32
[Platelets]
What is used for contraction or clot retraction?
Actin/Myosin
33
4 Types of Alpha Granules
Platelet Factor IV
Von Willebrand Factor
Platelet Derived Growth Factor
Thrombospondin
34
Function: Platelet Factor IV
Counteracts heparin for formation of blood clot
35
Function: Von Willebrand Factor
Ahdesion of platelet to injured blood vessel
36
Function: Platelet Derived Growth Factor
Fibroblast proliferation for repairing injury such as in blood vessel wall
37
Function: Thrombospondin
For platelet adhesion and aggregation
38
Examples of Dense Granules (3)
Function?
1. ADP
2. Calcium
3. Serotonin
Supportive function, vasoconstriction
39
What is Hemostasis?
Formation of a blood clot
40
Name the phases in order (5)
1. Vascular Phase
2. Platelet Adhesion/Aggregation Phase
3. Plasma Coagulation Phase
4. Clot Retraction Phase
5. Fibrinolysis/Clot Destruction Phase
41
[What's Happening?]
Vascular Phase
Initiated by physical injury to blood vessels
42
[What's Happening?]
Platelet Adhesion/Aggregation Phase
Formation of a platelet plug
| Platelets adhere to site of injury due to von Willebrand factor
43
What releases von Willebrand factor?
Damaged Endothelium
44
What causes additional platelet adhesion?
Adherent platelets release adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane A2
45
[What's Happening?]
Plasma Coagulation Phase
Fibrin forms a network of fibers which traps cells and platelets forming a thrombus or clot
46
What is the primary plug?
What is the secondary plug?
Which is stronger?
Platelet Plug
Fibrin Network: Semi-solid Gel
Both of them together
47
[What's Happening?]
Clot Retraction Phase
Continuity of blood vessels to reduce chance of further hemorrhage
48
[What's Happening?]
Clot Destruction Phase
Clot dissolved by plasmin
For regulation and control after complete repair of injury to restore normal circulation
49
What are the only nucleated blood cells?
Leukocytes
50
Shape of Leukocytes (Non-motile and motile forms)
Spherical and non-motile
Flattened ameboid and motile
51
```
[Neutrophils]
Granulocytic of Agranulocytic?
Plenty during?
How long does it stay in the blood?
How long does it stay in tissues?
```
Granulocytic
Bacterial Infections
8 Hours
1-2 Days
52
[Identify]
2 or more lobes + chromatin strands
Drumstick appendage in females
Dark nucleus due to highly condensed chromatin
Neutrophils
53
[Neutrophils]
Two types of Cytoplasmic Granules?
1. Non-specific/Azurophilic
| 2. Specific
54
What are the most numerous WBCs as well as the most common granulocytes?
Neutrophils
55
[Specific Granules in Neutrophils]
Name 3
Function?
1. Alkaline Phosphatase
2. Collagenase
3. Lysozyme
Contains enzymes and complement activators and other antimicrobial peptides
56
[Eosinophils]
How long does it stay in the blood?
How long does it stay in CT?
6-10 Hours
| 8-12 Days
57
[Eosinophils]
Functions (3)
Defense against parasites
Damage control in allergic reactions (Degrades histamine)
Chronic Inflammation (Phagocytoses and disposes antigen-antibody complexes)
58
[Specific Granules of Eosinophils]
Shape and Size
Types
Large and crystalloid
Major Basic Protein
Eosinophil Cationic Protein
Eosinophil Peroxidase
Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin
59
[Non-Specific Granules of Neutrophils]
Name 3
Peroxidase
Acid Phosphatase
B-Glucuronidase
60
[Non-Specific Granules of Eosinophils]
Name 2
Histamine
| Aryl Sulfatase
61
[Basophil]
Describe Nucleus
Fucntion
Bilobed
Allergic Response
62
[Specific Granules of Basophils]
Name 3
Histamine
Heparin
SRS-A
63
[Non-specific Granules of Basophils]
Give an example
None
Basophils have no lysosomes, they are not phagocytic
64
[Lymphocytes]
3 Descriptions
Recirculating: Most long-lived
Smallest WBC
High N:C Ratio
65
[Monocytes]
Describe Size
Describe Nucleus
Largest: 17-20 uM
| Eccentric, pale staining, bean-shaped nucleus
66
[Macrophages]
Function
"BIg Eater"
"Cleans Up"
Antigen-Presenting Cell
67
[Macrophages]
What are they called in:
1. Lung
2. Liver
3. Brain
1. Alveolar Macrophages
2. Kuppfer Cells
3. Microglia
68
[Major Plasma Proteins]
List 5
```
Albumin
Globulin a, b, and gamma
Complement Proteins
Clotting Factors
Plasma Lipoproteins
```
69
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Albumin
Maintain colloid osmotic pressure; transport insoluble metabolites
70
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Globulin a, b, and gamma
A & B: Transport metal ions, protein-bound lipid, and lipid-soluble vitamins
G: Antibodies for Host Defense
71
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Complement Proteins
Destruction of Microorganisms
72
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Clotting Factors
Formation of Blood Clot
| I really hope you press 5 on this one >_<
73
[Major Plasma Proteins]
Function: Plasma Lipoproteins
Transport of triglycerides from cholesterol to/from liver
74
[T/F]
WBCs are transfused
F
75
[Blood Transfusion]
What do you need for:
1. Blood Loss during Surgery/Trauma
2. Anticoagulant Overdose
3. Dengue
1. RBCs
2. Fresh Frozen Plasma
3. Platelets
76
What is the process in which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells?
Hemopoiesis
77
[Lifespan of Blood Cells]
1. Granulocytes
2. Platelets
3. Monocytes
4. Macrophages
5. RBC
6. Memory Lymphocytes
1. 1-2 Days
2. 9-12 Days
3. 1-3 Days
4. Months
5. 4 Months
6. Years
78
[Site of Hemopoiesis]
Intrauterine (3)
Birth (1)
I: Yolk Sac, Liver, Spleen
B: Bone Marrow
79
Two Types of Bone Marrow
Red and Yellow
80
What type of Bone Marrow is found in newborns? By what age does it change, and to what color does it change?
N: Red
| By age 10, it becomes yellow mostly
81
Sites of Red Marrow (6)
```
Skull
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral Column
Pelvis
Proximal Femur/Humerus
```
82
What is the Monophyletic Theory of Hemopoeisis?
Pluripotential Hemopoetic Stem Cell gives rise to all types of blood cells
83
[Characteristics of Precursor Cells]
Name 5
1. Common
2. Unipotential
3. Fast Dividing
4. Non-self Renewing
5. Morphologically Distinct
84
[What Occurrence is Responsible For These]
1. RBC
2. Granulocytes
3. Platelets
4. Monocytes
5. Lymphocytes
1. Erythropoiesis
2. Granulopoiesis
3. Megakaryopoiesis
4. Monopoiesis
5. Lymphopoiesis
85
Megakaryopoiesis occurs through?
Endomitosis
86
What occurs during Endomitosis?
Repeated nuclear division (karyokinesis) without cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
87
How can you visualize reticulocytes?
With supravital stains, e.g. cresyl blue
88
[T/F]
Pluripotential Hemopoietic Stem Cells are self-renewing.
T
89
[Changes During Hemopoiesis]
Cell Size
Nuclear Size
Nucleoli + Euchromatin
Cytoplasm
Effects?
Cell Size Decreases
Nuclear Size Decreases
Nucleoli + Euchromatin Decreases
Cytoplasm Decreases in Basophilia
90
Mitotic activity is only up to the _____ stage
| Self-renewal is only up to the _____ stage
Precursor Cell Stage
| Progenitor Cell Stage
91
[Changes During Erythropoiesis]
Cell Size
Organelles
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Effects?
Cells become smaller
Organelles are lost
Nucleus smaller/darker -> Pycnotic -> Extruded
Basophilic -> Eosinophilic (As Ribosomes are replaced by Hb)
92
[Proerythroblast]
Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features
Mildly basophilic
| Large nucleus with 1-2 Nucleoli
93
[Basophilic Erythroblast]
Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features
Intensely basophilic cytoplasm
| Slightly darker nucleus, no nucleoli
94
[Polychromatophilic Erythroblast]
Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features
```
Combined blue (ribosomes) and pink (Hb) = Grey or dull cytoplasm
More condensed chromatin = Checkerboard Nucleus
```
Last cell capable of mitosis
Hb production begins
95
[Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast / Normoblast]
Cytoplasm Color
Describe Nucleus and other special features
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm similar to RBC
Nucleus small, dark and pycnotic
Last stage before nucleus is extruded
96
Described as a unit of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
Erythroblastic Island
97
[Granulopoiesis Effects]
```
Cell Size
Nuclear Size
Nuclear Shape
Chromatin
Nucleoli
Granules
Cytoplasm Color
```
```
Decrease
Decrease
Change -> Kidney/U Shaped
Condensation
Decrease in number then disappear
Azurophilic Granules first, then Specific Granules
Increasing Eosinophilia of Cytoplasm
```
98
[Myeloblast]
With or Without Granules?
With or WIthout Nucleoli?
Divides how many times?
No granules
3-5 Nucleoli
Divides 3x
99
[Promyelocyte]
With or Without Granules?
With or WIthout Nucleoli?
Special characteristic?
With Azurophilic Granules
With nucleoli
Increases in size, the only exception to the trend
100
[Myelocyte]
With or Without Granules?
Nucleus Shape?
With or WIthout Nucleoli?
Special characteristic?
Specific granules appear here
Elliptical nucleus
No nucleoli
Last cell capable of mitosis
101
[Metamyelocyte]
Nucleus shape?
Granules?
Cytoplasm color?
Deeply indented nucleus
80% Specific Granules >>> Non-specific Granules
Colorless to slightly acidophilic cytoplasm
If the indentation of the nucleus is less than 50% of its diameter, it is a metamyelocyte
102
[Band Cell]
Nucleus shape?
Where is it commonly found?
"U" or "Horseshoe" Shaped Nucleus
| Found during bacterial infection
103
[Non-Bacterial Causes of Neutrophilia]
1. Severe inflammation (appendicitis)
2. Diurnal variation (higher in afternoon)
3. Stress
4. Glucocorticosteroid intake
5. Exercise
104
[Antiplatelets Agents]
What does Clopidogrel do?
Name 2 other agents
Prevents clotting and myocardial infarction, works on enzymes that activate factors for clotting
Vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba
105
[Erythropoietin]
Where is it produced?
Function?
When is it produced?
Kidney
For RBC production
Produced due to decreased tissue oxygen due to blood loss or increased need for O2 such as high altitudes
106
[Interleukins]
Produced by? (2)
When is it produced?
1. T Cells
- In response to microbial invasion
- Releases ILs to activate macrophages, which produce CSFs
2. Macrophages
- IL-activated Macrophages will induce Fibroblasts/Endothelial cells to produce CSF
