Blood Lectures Flashcards by Ryan Schiedo

What are the formed elements of the blood?

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

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These proteins (group) are important in inflammation & destruction of microorganisms

Complement proteins

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The percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs is called

Hematocrit

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The buffy coat is approximately what percent of the blood and contains what types of cells?

1% and the leukocytes (plus platelets)

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Spectrin, acting, and protein 4.1 are all components of what?

Erythrocyte membrane skeleton

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What are reticulocytes and what can they tell you about the blood? Why do they have blue specs?

They are recently released RBCs from the bone marrow. They are an indicator for the rate of erythrocyte production and should constitute 1% of blood. The blue is rRNA stained with brilliant cresyl blue

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Name the Granular leukocytes (3) they have specific cytoplasmic granules

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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Name the Agranular leukocytes (2) they lack specific cytoplasmic granules

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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A lobed heterochromatic nucleus, lack of nucleoli, salmon-pink cytoplasm with granules. These features describe what type of cell

Neutrophil

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What are the main function(s) of a Neutrophil.

Phagocytosis and killing bacteria. They also display chemotaxis and cell motility.

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The specific granules of neutrophils contain what molecules and what are their functions?

Lysozyme - hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall

Lactoferrin - an iron binding protein

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Netosis is found in what type of cell and what is its function

It is the release of a net-like structure capable of trapping microbes. Neutrophils have this

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A bi-lobed nucleus, lack of azurophilic granules, and large eosinophillic specific cytoplasmic granules describe what cell type?

Eosinophil

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The granules of eosinophils contain:

Major basic proteins

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Eosinophil function to remove what kind of pathogen(s)?

Kill the larvae of parasitic worms through the use of major basic protein

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Eosinophil functions include:

Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
Inactivate mediators of inflammation (eg. histamine & SRS-A)
Synthesize lipid mediators of inflammation (eg. leukotrienes)
Produce a variety of cytokines (eg. Ils 3,5,6,8,12)

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A parasitic infection or an allergic reaction will increase what cell type in the blood?

Eosinophils

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This cell type plays a large role in asthma.

Eosinophils. Bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, inflammation, and air-way remodeling (hyper-responsiveness)

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This cell type has large azurophilic granules that obscure visualization of the nucleus

Basophils

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The granules of basophils are rich in:

Heparin, Histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)

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Basophils play a role in what functions (3)?

Play a role in inflammation (generalized response)
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (localized or wide spread, mediated by IgE)
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (take 12-18 hrs. to develop)

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Specific granules are found in what cell type(s)?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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Azurophilic granules are found in what cell type(s)?

Neutrophils

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Round heterochromatic nucleus and a thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm describe what type of cell?

Lymphocytes

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What are the three classes of lymphocytes (4 actually but we do not need to differentiate 2, therefore 3)?

Small-medium lymphocytes Large agranular lymphocytes (activated by specific antigens) Large granular lymphocyte

B Lymphocytes differentiate into what two classes of cells and function under what type of immunity.

Plasma cells and memory B cells. They form the humoral immunity. Make up 10-15% of lymphocytes

T Lymphocytes differentiate into what classes and function as what type of immunity

Memory T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Regulatory T cells (suppressor T cells). For Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)

Cytotoxic T cells are capable of what functions? How do they perform these functions?

Killing foreign or viral infected cells. Lyse target cells via perforin. Induce apoptosis in target cells with granzymes.

Helper T cells function to do what

Assist B cells and T cells in their response to antigens, produce lymphokines. (they are the specific target of HIV)

Suppressor (regulator) T cells have the following functions

Dampen the response to foreign antigens, suppress immune response to self

Natural Killer Cells (NK cells) are synonymous with what type of cell?

Large Granular Lypmphocyte

NK cells function to do what?

Kill virus infected cells, kill malignant cells, produce IFN-gamma (influence host immune response)

Variably shaped nucleus (non-lobed), euchromatic nucleus, abundant cytoplasm, small azurophillic granules, VACUOLES!

Monocyte

Carries surface immunoglobulins

B lymphocyte

Specialized to recognize antigens attached to surfaces of other cells

T lymphocyte

Destroys transplanted and other foreign cells as well as virus-invaded cells

NK cell

Secretes factors that stimulate T and B lymphocytes in their response to some antigens

Helper T cell

Dampens responses to foreing antigens; plays a key role in suppressing responses to self antigens

Suppressor T cell

Where do platelets come from?

Megakaryocytes

Binds to DNA and glycosaminoglycan, stains nuclei purple, stains cytoplasmic granules of basophils and lysosome crimson

Azure B

Binds selectively to RNA, stains cytoplasm of RNA rich cells heavenly blue

Methylene Blue

Stains proteins, red-pink in color

Eosin

Large euchromatic nucleus, several nucleoli, large nuclei-cytoplasmic ration, heavenly blue cytoplasm, agranular (No cytoplasmic granules)

Blast (precursor cell)

Monophyletic theory of hematopoiesis

All blood cells are derived from a common pluripotential stem cell (hematopoietic stem cell)

RBCs, Granulocytes and monocytes are all produced where?

Bone marrow

Lymphocytes are produced where?

Lymphoid organs

Under normal conditions blasts, neutrophil promyelocytes, n. myelocytes, and n. metamyelocytes can only be observed where?

Bone marrow

Band cells and mature PMNs can be observed where?

Normal peripheral blood

Spherical nucleus, more condensed chromatin, azurophilic granules

Neutrophil promyelocyte

Each type of blood cell arises from its own stem cell. (Not as widely held theory)

Polyphyletic theory

Each blast gives rise to how many types of blood cells?

One cell type. They are monopotential

Azurophillic granules are _____ and they contain ____

primary lysozymes; hydrolytic enzymes

Round oval nucleus, more heterochromatic, no longer makes azuorphilic granules (purple), makes specific granules (pink), cytoplasm color shifts from heavenly blue to salmon pink

Neutrophilic Myelocyte

Kidney shaped nucleus, more condensed chromatin, numerous specific granules (pink), few azurophilic granules, salmon pink cytoplasm, can no longer go through mitosis

Neutrophilic metamyelocyte

When the indentation of the nucleus exceeds ½ the diameter of the round nucleus, the metamyelocyte has differentiated into a

Band cell (which can be seen in normal peripheral blood). The Band cell can have and S shaped nucleus as well.

A rough indication of the rate of neutrophil production in your patient can be determined by?

The percent of band cells in peripheral blood (normal is 1-5%)

An increase in the % of band cells indicates what?

that stress is being placed on the bone marrow to produce more neutrophils

When the segments between lobes have become thin heterochromatic filaments, the band has differentiated into a

Mature neutrophil

Describe the life span of Neutrophils (eosinophils and basophils are believed to go through the same maturation and kinetics)

9-14 days maturing in the bone marrow 1 day in peripheral blood 5 days in surrounding tissue

Red Bone marrow does what an is found where?

Hematopoiesis; flat bones of the body (sternum, vertebrae, ribs etc.)

Blood vessels, discontinuous sinusoids, cords of hematopoietic cells are characteristics of what?

Red bone marrow

Red bone marrow has more/less adipose tissue than yellow bone marrow

Less. Yellow bone marrow is almost entirely adipose tissue on a histological slide

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) niche

An interactive structural unit that nurtures stem cells and facilitates their activity. Interaction of the stem cells with the elements of the stem cell niche (cellular & ecm) is critical.

In the HSC nice what do osteoclasts function to do

create space in bone surface

In the HSC nice what do osteoblasts function to do

required for stem cell localization

Important ECM proteins of the HSC niche include

Laminin, fibronectin, and agrin

Alterations to the hematopoietic stem cell niche can lead to

myeloproliferative disease, that is a preleukemic condition

Yellow bone marrow can be found where? What functions does it have

Medullary cavities of all other bones in the adult. Functions to store reserve energy and reserve hematopoietic tissue.

Checkerboard nucleus, loss of nucleolus, and navy blue cytoplasm are characteristics of what cell type?

Basophilic Erythroblast (BEB). Navy blue color is due to the many free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Cell can divide 1-2 times

Decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia and an increase in cytoplasmic eosinophilia characterize what cell type?

Polychromatophilic erythroblast (PCE). Cell can divide 3-4 times mitotically

smaller heterochromatic nucleus, slightly polychromatophilic nucleus, terminal differentiation

Normoblast (NB). No longer capable of Mitosis

A normoblast turns into _____ before becoming ______. (Hint: extrusion of nucleus retention of a few polyribosomes and rRNA, happens 80% of the time)

Reticulocyte; erythrocyte

Describe the maturation timeline of an erythrocyte

``` 1-2 days as a basophilic erythrocyte 3 days as a polychromatophil 3 days for normoblast to reticulocyte transition 1 day for reticulocyte to RBC transition Total time: 8-9 days ```

A normoblast turns into _____ before becoming ______. (Hint: Lose residual RNA before nuclear extrusion, looks like a nucleated RBC happens 20% of the time)

Orthochromatic erythrocyte (not present in normal peripheral blood); erythrocyte.

Can attenuate the risk of brain damage after stroke. Hypoxia stimulates its production.

Erythropoietin

Glycoprotein hormone produced in the cortex of the kidney

Erythropoietin

What is the order of development for a RBC

Blast (erythroblast), basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast (after this stage it does not divide mitotically), normoblast, reticulocyte/ orthochromatic erythroblast, mature RBC.

Large cell with many cytoplasmic processes, contain a lot of ingested material in their cytoplasm, large pale staining nucleus, phagocytose extruded nuclei

Reticular cells. Found in the middle of an erythroblastic island

basophilic cytoplasm, negative image of Golgi apparatus, acentrically placed nucleus, "clock face" distribution of chromatin

Plasma cell (can be observed in bone marrow smears)

Large cell with large oval or spherical nucleus, homogeneous basophilic cytoplasm

Megakaryoblast

Huge cell, lobulated nucleus, increase in poidy up to 32-64n, eosinophilic cytoplasm, azurophilic granules in cytoplasm, invaginations of the cytoplasm

megakaryocyte

Megakaryocytes reside where, give rise to what, and where do they release the platelets?

They lie just outside of the discontinuous sinusoids, they give rise to platelets and release platelets into the sinusoids

Where do lymphoblasts reside?

Bone marrow

The nuclei of this cell type forms unusual shapes and can be any shape that it wants

Monocyte

Blood Lectures Flashcards

(84 cards)