Blood Loss Flashcards
What were the first attempts at dealing with Blood Loss in the 17th century?
Experiments with blood transfusions using blood from animals (usually sheep) or occasionally other humans.
What happened with early blood transfusions?
Patients occasionally survived, but in most cases they died and the procedure was banned.
How were amputations and wounds dealt with?
By using cautery.
What were Ambrosie Pare’s contributions to surgery?
Pare developed metal clips to place on arteries during an amputation, and tried using silk thread to tie blood vessels after an amputation.
What were the problems with silk ligatures?
The ligatures did not stop bleeding if not tied properly, and the idea was before Pasteur’s Germ Theory so there was no understanding of the increased chance of infection they caused, these reasons led to higher death rates.
What did Karl Landsteiner suggest in 1901?
That there were different blood types.
What blood types did Landsteiner suggest there was?
A, B and O (a fourth group, AB, was added in 1902).
What did Landsteiner’s work show?
That blood transfusions had to take place between people with the same blood group or else the patient would die.
Why didn’t Landsteiner’s work have an immediate effect on surgery?
The fact that a donor had to be present to provide blood meant that it was not practical.
What effect did WWI have on surgery?
Many soldiers died from blood loss even when the wound itself was not fatal, as a result there was emphasis for finding ways to store blood.
In 1915, who found that adding sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting?
American doctor, Richard Lewisohn.
Why was the discovery of the use of sodium citrate an advantage?
Donors no longer needed to be present for transfusions to be carried out.
Why was the discovery of the use of sodium citrate limited?
It was found that the blood cells would deteriorate if the blood wasn’t soon used.
Who discovered blood could be stored in refrigerated containers?
Richard Weil.
In 1916, what did Francis Rous and James Turner find?
That adding a citrate glucose solution to blood allowed it to be stored for longer.
