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ASforP SAQ > Blood & Lymphatic disorders > Flashcards

Blood & Lymphatic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the lymphatic system

A

lymphatic vessels
lymphatic tissue
lymph nodes
palatine & pharyngeal tonsils
spleen
thymus gland

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2
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

returns interstitial fluid and protein to the blood
filters & destroys unwanted materials in body fluid
initiates the immune response

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3
Q

approx how much interstitial fluid and proteins does the lymphatic system return to the blood per day

A

3 litres

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4
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

malignant neoplasia due to overproliferation of lymphocyte cells in the lymph nodes

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphoma?

A

hodgkins lymphoma
non-hodgkins lymphoma

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6
Q

what are the causes of lymphoma

A

there are no specific causes

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7
Q

where does hodgkins lymphoma start

A

initially in a single lymph node

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8
Q

where does hodgkins lymphoma spread too?

A

the adjacent nodes and organs via lymphocytes

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9
Q

which lymphocytes are defective with hodgkins lymphoma?

A

T-lymphocytes

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10
Q

what is the first sign of hodgkins lymphoma?

A

enlarged lymphocytes that are painless

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11
Q

what will be enlarged in a patient with lymphoma?

A

spleen
lymph nodes

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12
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of lymphoma?

A

signs of cancer
weight loss
anaemia
fever
fatigue

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13
Q

what are the differences between hodgkins lymphoma and non-hodgkins lymphoma?

A

non hodgkins lymphoma is
very disorganised
involves multiple lymph nodes
spreads very quickly all over the place
no pattern

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14
Q

what is lymphedema

A

abnormal collection of lymph fluid in the exremities
the lymphatic system is not returning the fluid as it should do

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15
Q

what can cause lymphedema

A

cancer/cancer treatment
surgery
can be born with it
trauma
chronic venous insufficiency

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16
Q

what can chronic lymphedema lead to?

A

cellulitis
fibrosis

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17
Q

what is a clotting disorder?

A

spontaneous bleeding/reduction in clotting factors

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18
Q

what is haemophilia?

A

a disorder where the blood doesn’t clot as it should as it lacks blood clotting factors

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19
Q

what are some signs & symptoms of clotting disorders?

A

nose bleeds
bleeding from gums
rashes
bruising
coughing up blood
vomiting blood
blood in faeces

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20
Q

what are the 3 main types of haemophilia

A

Haemophilia A, B & C

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21
Q

what is haemophilia A

A

a deficiency in clotting factor 8

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22
Q

what is haemophilia B

A

a deficiency in clotting factor 9

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23
Q

what is haemophilia C

A

a deficiency in clotting factor 11

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24
Q

what are the main clotting disorders?

A

Haemophilia A, B, & C
Von Willebrand disease

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25
Q

what is Von Willebrand disease?

A

a hereditary disease
a deficiency in VWF (von willebrand factor)

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26
Q

what is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

when a medical condition disrupts the balance of clot formation and clot breakdown. there is an over formation of clots which over consumes clotting factors which leads to a
complete loss of function between formation and breakdown which leads to haemorrhaging

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27
Q

what can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

sepsis
cancer
major trauma

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28
Q

why is disseminated intravascular coagulation dangerous?

A

wide spread clotting= organ damage

depletion of clotting factors= excessive bleeding

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29
Q

what can disseminated intravascular coagulation lead to?

A

Hypovoaelmic shock

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30
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

prolonged bleeding time
vascular occlusions
haemorrhages

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31
Q

what does neoplastic mean

A

overproliferation of a cell

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32
Q

what are 2 types of neoplastic blood disorders?

A

leukaemia
polycythaemia

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33
Q

what is polycythaemia?

A

an increase in erythrocytes, granulocytes & thrombocytes

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34
Q

what does polycythaemia lead to?

A

increased blood viscosity

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35
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of polycythaemia?

A

hypertension
cardiac hypertrophy
spleen + liver enlargement

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36
Q

what is the risk with polycythaemia?

A

risk of thrombosis

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37
Q

which blood cells does leukaemia involve?

A

white blood cells

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38
Q

who is acute leukaemia more common in?

A

children

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39
Q

what is leukaemia?

A

hyper production of non-functioning leukocytes within the bone marrow that cant be released from the bone quick enough therefore causes pressure inside the bone which causes pain

40
Q

who is chronic leukaemia more common in?

A

adults

41
Q

what happens as the number of leukemic cells increase?

A

they infiltrate the lymph nodes, spleen, live, brain and other organs

42
Q

what is acute leukaemia characterised by?

A

high proportion of immature cells

43
Q

what is chronic leukaemia characterised by?

A

high concentration of mature cells with reduced function

44
Q

what affect does leukaemia have on other cells?

A

over proliferation means that other cells are unable to be produced so there is a reduction in red blood cells and platelets

45
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of leukaemia?

A

Recurrent infections
signs of anaemia
bone pain
weight loss
severe haemorrhage

46
Q

what are anaemias?

A

a group of diseases that result in reduced haemoglobin content therefore reduced oxygen transport

47
Q

what are the 2 causes of anaemias?

A

Inadequate production of RBC’s
excessive destruction of RBC’s

48
Q

what is reduced with anaemia?

A

cellular metabolism

49
Q

how do anaemic patients compensate for the reduced cellular metabolism?

A

tachycardia
Vasoconstriction

50
Q

what are some general signs and symptoms of anaemia?

A

fatigue
pallor
dyspnoea
tachycardia

51
Q

what are the 4 main types of anaemia?

A

iron deficient anaemia
pernicious anaemia
sickle cell anaemia
aplastic anaemia

52
Q

what causes the decreased haemoglobin levels in iron deficiency anaemia?

A

low iron levels

53
Q

what are the consequences of low iron with iron deficiency anaemia?

A

the body uses iron to make haemoglobin therefore if there is less iron theres less haemoglobin so the body will transport less O2

54
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

a protein made up of 4 sub units and each one has 2 parts-
a globin +
a haeme

55
Q

what is the haeme component of haemoglobin?

A

where the O2 attaches to the lungs

56
Q

how much iron does the body normally contain?

A

4 grams

57
Q

what % of the bodys iron content is in haemoglobin?

A

75%

58
Q

where is the other 25% of the bodys iron content stored?

A

the spleen, liver and bone marrow

59
Q

how much iron does 1ml of blood contain in a woman?

A

0.5mg

60
Q

which is the most common type of amaemia?

A

iron deficiency anaemia

61
Q

how is a diagnosis reached with iron deficient anaemia?

A

complete blood cell count
blood smear test

62
Q

what are some causes of iron deficient anaemia?

A

.chronic blood loss e.g. GI bleeds, heavy periods
.poor intake of iron e.g. diet
.pregnancy
.absorption problems e.g. coeliac disease

63
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

glossitis
pallor
tachycardia
fatigue
syncope
SOB on exertion
delayed healing

64
Q

what is pernicious anaemia?

A

an autoimmune disorder where a lack of vit B12 or folate decreases the bodys ability to produce fully functioning RBC’s

65
Q

what does pernicious mean?

A

having a harmful effect

66
Q

what is pernicious anaemia categorised by?

A

the presence of many large immature nucleated RBC’s

67
Q

what is there a lack of in pernicious anaemia?

A

lack of intrinsic factor therefore B12 cant be absorbed

68
Q

what are the causes of pernicious anaemia?

A

possible genetic
older people

69
Q

what are the changes to the red blood cells in pernicious anaemia?

A

theyre not dividing properly so they become large and oval shaped

70
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pernicious anaemia?

A

.same as iron deficiency anaemia
.irreversible nerve cell damage
. tingling burning sensation in extremities

71
Q

what is the treatment for pernicious anaemia?

A

vitamin B12 IM injections

72
Q

what is aplastic anaemia?

A

an autoimmune condition when the bone marrow and stem cells do not produce enough RBC’s, WBC’s or platelets

73
Q

what is aplastic anaemia also called?

A

bone marrow failure

74
Q

is aplastic anaemia acute or chronic?

A

either

75
Q

what 3 things make up aplastic anaemia?

A

anaemia, thrombocytopenia + leukocytopenia

76
Q

where are most haematopoietic stem cells found that are destructed in aplastic anaemia?

A

flat bones such as ribs, pelvis and sternum

77
Q

what are the causes of aplastic anaemia?

A

genetics
Autoimmune
medications
toxins exposure

78
Q

when is aplastic anaemia at its peak?

A

.early childhood
.20-25yrs

79
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of aplastic anaemia?

A

same iron deficient anaemia
bruising
bleeding
recurrent infections

80
Q

what is the treatment for aplastic anaemia?

A

blood transfusion
bone marrow transplants
Immunosuppressive therapy

81
Q

what is sickle cell disease?

A

a group of inherited health conditions that affect the red blood cells.

82
Q

who is sickle cell disease more common in?

A

African/Caribbean backgrounds

83
Q

what is the most serious type of sickle cell disease?

A

sickle cell anaemia

84
Q

what is sickle cell trait?

A

an inherited blood disorder where only one gene is affected

85
Q

what is the difference between sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait?

A

only one gene is affected in sickle cell trait unlike sickle cell disease where 2 are affected

86
Q

how does sickle cell trait effect daily life?

A

people can live normal lives

87
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia?

A

abnormal haemoglobin S production

88
Q

what causes sickle cell anaemia?

A

genetics
recessive gene
sickle cell trait

89
Q

which haemoglobin do most people have

A

haemoglobin A

90
Q

what is haemoglobin S sensitive to?

A

low oxygenated conditions

91
Q

what happens when haemoglobin S becomes deoxygenated?

A

the haemoglobin crystallises and changes the shape of the erythrocyte from a disc to a sickle

92
Q

what things could cause the haemoglobin S to become deoxygenated?

A

high altitude
infection
blood loss
weather
exercise
stress

93
Q

when does sickle cell anaemia present?

A

over 6 months old

94
Q

what are some complications of sickle cell anaemia?

A

short cell life span (20 days)
splenomegaly
leg ulcers
gall stones
acute chest syndrome

95
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of sickle cell anaemia?

A

jaundice
anaemia signs
splenomegaly
heart failure
gallstones
frequent infections

96
Q

what is the treatment for a sickle cell anaemia crisis?

A

24/7 analgesia
iv fluids
bed rest
remove restrictions
blood transfusion
folic acid supplement

97
Q

what is the name for too much calcium in the blood?

A

Hypercalcemia

ASforP SAQ (3 decks)

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