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Parasitology > Blood Parasites > Flashcards

Blood Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Endemic

A
  • Specific to a locality
  • Confined to a certain location
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2
Q

Occult

A
  • Not apparent even though infection is present
  • Infection without clinical symptoms & signs
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3
Q

Microfilaria
“Little larvie”

A

Pre-larval stage of parasite

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4
Q

Periodicity

A

Variability within a specific time period

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5
Q

What are blood parasite nematodes? (1)

A

Actual worms of the parasites
1. Dirofilaria immitis (heart worm)

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6
Q

Blood parasite protozoa (2)

A
  1. Babesia
  2. Trypanosoma
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7
Q

Blood parasite rickettsia (3)

A
  1. Anaplasma
  2. Hemobartonella
  3. Ehrlichia
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8
Q

Describe “Dirofiliaria immitis” adults & microfiliaria

A

Adults: Long, slender white worms. Males (5-7”) have corkscrew tails. Females are 10-12” long.

Microfilaria: Tapered anterior, tail straight or hooked. 307-322 um long

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9
Q

Heartworm disease
Host:
Intermediate host:

A

Host: Dog, cat, ferret, seal, sea lion, & human

Intermediate host: Mosquito

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10
Q

Heartworm life cycle (5)

A
  1. Host w/microfilaria is bitten by mosq
  2. Microfilaria develop thru L1-L3 stages in mosq over 2 weeks
  3. Mosq bites new host & transmits L3
  4. L3 travel to vessels of ling & heart to develop into adults (6 months)
  5. Adults breed and shed microfilaria into blood
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11
Q

T/F: Endemic areas of heartworm in dogs are in the south & SE. It affects 40-60% of outdoor dogs.

A

True

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12
Q

Which side of the heart & arteries does heartworm primarily invade?
Right or left?

A

Right ventricle and pulmonary veins.

RARELY invades the right atrium, vena, cava, skin, & CNS

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13
Q

Clinical signs of heartworm (7)

A
  1. Exercise intolerance
  2. Cough, blood in sputum (worm is close to lungs)
  3. Liver & kidney disease
  4. Anemia
  5. Weight loss
  6. Dyspnea
  7. SVDDEN DEATH
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14
Q

How to diagnose heartworm (3)
Blood tests (4)

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. Rads of heart & lungs
  3. Ultrasound of heart

Blood:
1. Direct smear
2. Modified Knott’s test
3. Filter technique
4. ELISA - antibody of host or antigen of parasite

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15
Q

Therapy for heartworm

A
  1. Adult worm killed with arsenic compound
  2. Rarely, surgically remove
    3.Microfilaria are killed with ivermectin
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16
Q

Heartworm in cats. How long can an adult live in a cat for?

A

2 to 3 years

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17
Q

What does heartworm look like in cats?

A

Most likely like a lung disease
- coughing
- difficulty breathing

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18
Q

Diagnosis of heartworm in cats (2)

Microfilaria may not occur, or only lasts for a month. Therefore, diagnosis is more difficult.

A

Only reliable method:
Heartworm antibody test and heartworm antigen test

19
Q

Heartworm key points in cats and dogs

A
  1. Both can get heart disease
  2. Cats tend to get lung disease
20
Q

Protozoa: Babesia
How is it transmitted? Where geographically does it occur?

Fun fact: Grey hounds are especially at risk!

A
  1. Transmitted by ticks
  2. Southern US & CA
21
Q

What does Babesia do to it’s host?

A

Causes red cell destruction and low platelet counts

22
Q

How fatal is Babesia?

A

Mild to fatal. The illness is variable

23
Q

Babesia diagnosis (2)

A
  1. Microscopic ID of parasite in blood cells
    - Capillary blood is best for ID
  2. Serology (antibodies to Babesia)
24
Q

Protozoa: Trypanosoma cruzi
Where is it most common geographically?

A

Southern US, Texas, & CA

25
Q

T/F: Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellated blood parasite

A

True! It has a flagella

26
Q

Intermediate host of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Is reduvid bug

27
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi disease in young and old dogs

A

Young: Heart failure and svdden death

Old: Heart failure, encephalitis, diarrhea, death within 5yrs

28
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi diagnosis (3)

A
  1. ID in blood or heart biopsy
  2. Serology (antibodies)
  3. PCR (antigen

Remember, PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction!

29
Q

Rickettsia: Hemobartonellosis in cats
Transmission:
Fatality:
Any clinical symptoms?

A
  1. Transmitted by fleas
  2. Can be fatal anemia if FeLV+ or other severe stress
  3. Generally asymptomatic
30
Q

T/F: Hemobartonellosis attaches to the surface of RBC

A

True

31
Q

Hemobartonellosis in dogs (rare!)

Transmission:

Diagnosis: Can be difficult due to intermittent presence, artifacts, or EDTA

A
  1. By ticks
  2. Microscopic ID in anemic animals
32
Q

Rickettsia: Anaplasma in dogs
Transmission:
Does it occur in WA?

A
  1. Ticks
  2. Yes
33
Q

T/F: Anaplasma are intracellular bacteria

A

true

34
Q

Anaplasma in dogs “tick fever” symptoms

A
  1. Fever, lethargy, musculoskeletal pain, lymph node and spleen/liver enlargement
  2. Low WBC counts, low platelet, & anemia
35
Q

Anaplasma diagnosis

A

Found within WHC (neutrophils)
- Serology is best

36
Q

Rickesttsia: Ehrlichia
Transmission:
Geographical concern:

A
  1. Ticks
  2. Southern US
37
Q

T/F: Ehrlichia are intercellular bacteria that infects the WBC

A

Ha Ha NOPE!
They are intracellular bacteria that infects the WBC

38
Q

Ehrlichia in dogs
Acute:
Chronic:
Affect in eyes:

A
  1. Acute: fever, low WBC counts, enlarged spleen, & lymph nodes
  2. Chronic: Over months to years may cause immune and bone marrow disease
  3. Eyes: disease is common, blindness is possible
39
Q

Ehrlichia diagnosis

A
  1. Occasionally organism seen in WBC
  2. Serology is best
40
Q

Borrela burgdoferi in common terms is what?

A

Lyme disease!

41
Q

Borrela burgdoferi
Transmission

A

Feeding infected tick, either nymph or adult must be attached to the dog for 18-48hrs to transmit

Possible for cats to acquire but rare!

42
Q

Borrela burgdoferi clinical symptoms in dogs (2)

A
  1. Shifting leg lameness:
    - Lame for 3-4 days in one location, then moves to different leg
    - Swollen, painful joints might be seen
  2. Chronic infection:
    - Kidney disease/heart failure
    - Heart disease
43
Q

Borrela burgdoferi treatment

A

Tetracycline antibiotics for 2-4 weeks

44
Q

Borrela burgdoferi prevention (3)

A
  1. Tick control!!
  2. Check daily for ticks & remove
  3. Vaccines availible for high risk dogs

Parasitology (13 decks)

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