BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
______ - part of extracellular fluid
A
Blood
2
Q
Blood formation - EC differentiated into ______ and ______
A
plasma, interstitial fluid
3
Q
blood - ______ and ______
A
plasma, cells
4
Q
The role of blood in internal environmental = ______
A
homeostasis
5
Q
Blood = ______ + ______ cells
A
plasma, blood
6
Q
______ - the percentage of total blood volume that blood cells occupy.
A
Hematocrit
7
Q
BLOOD COMPOSITION
normal value
male: ______-______%
A
40, 50
8
Q
BLOOD COMPOSITION
normal value
female: ______-______%
A
37, 48
9
Q
BLOOD COMPOSITION
normal value
newborn: ______%
A
55
10
Q
BLOOD COMPOSITION
- ______
- ______
A
Cellular components
Plasma
11
Q
BLOOD COMPOSITION
Cellular components:
______
______
______
A
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
12
Q
BLOOD COMPOSITION
Plasma:
98% ______ + ______ + ______ e.g. (______, ______, ______)
A
water, ions, plasma proteins, Albumin, globulin, Fibrinogen
13
Q
______: Same ionic composition as interstitial fluid.
A
Plasma
14
Q
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
A
Specific gravity
Viscosity
15
Q
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Specific gravity:
total blood (______-______) more influenced ______
A
1.050, 1.060, RBC
16
Q
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Specific gravity:
plasma (______-______) more influenced by ______
A
1.025, 1.030, plasma protein
17
Q
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Specific gravity:
RBC (______-______) more influenced by ______.
A
1.090, 1.092, Hb
18
Q
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Viscosity:
Blood relative viscosity (______~______) mainly depends on the numbers of ______
A
4, 5, red blood cells
19
Q
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Viscosity:
Plasma relative viscosity (______~______) is mainly involved in ______
A
1.6, 2.4, plasma protein
20
Q
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
A
Transport
Homeostasis
Protecting against infections
Blood clotting prevent blood loss
21
Q
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
Transport
______, ______, ______, ______, ______
A
02, CO2, nutrient, hormones, waste product
22
Q
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
Homeostasis
Regulation of ______, ______
A
body temperature, ECF pH
23
Q
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
Protecting against infections
______, ______
A
White Blood Cells, Antibodies
24
Q
Blood Volume
______ liter in adult:
______% is packed cells volume (PCV).
______% is plasma volume.
A
5, 45, 55
25
Blood Cell Formation
______: Formation of RBC (erythrocytes)
Erythropoiesis
26
Blood Cell Formation
______: Formation of WBC (leucocytes)
Leucopoiesis
27
Blood Cell Formation
______: Formation of platelets (thrombocytes)
Thrombopoiesis
28
______: The forming processes of erythrocyte (red blood cell, RBC), leukocyte (white blood cell, WBC) and thrombocyte (platelet, P) originating from hematopoietic stem
Hemopoiesis
29
Red Blood Cells
Shape & size
______ Disc.
Flat Biconcave
30
Red Blood Cells
Shape & size
Non-______.
nucleated
31
Red Blood Cells
Shape & size
Diameter ______.
7-8 umx2.5umx1 um
32
Red Blood Cells
Shape & size
Flexible or not?
Flexible
33
Red Blood Cells
Shape & size
Average volume ______
90-95 um^3
34
Red Blood Cells
Shape & size
Number = ______
4.7 - 5 x10^6
35
Red Blood Cells
Shape & size
Hb = ______ in the blood
14-16 g/dl
36
Production of RBC
In-utero:
• Early few weeks of embryo nucleated RBCs are formed in ______.
• Middle trimester mainly in ______ & ______ & ______
• Last months RBCs are formed in ______ of all bones
yolk sac
liver, spleen, lymph nodes
bone marrow
37
Production of RBC
After Birth:
• ______ of flat bone continue to produce RBC into adult life
• Shaft of long bone stop to produce RBC at ______ while ______ continued
Bone marrow
puberty, epiphysis
38
Normal bone marrow conversion
Infant (______)
<1 year
39
Normal bone marrow conversion
Childhood (______)
1-10 years
40
Normal bone marrow conversion
Adolescent (______)
10-20 years
41
Normal bone marrow conversion
Adult (______)
>25 years
42
Stages of differentiation of RBC
Stages of RBC development:
Committed stem cell:
(6)
• Proerythroblast
• basophil erythroblast
• polychromatophil erythroblast
• orthochromatic erythroblast
• Reticulocytes
• Mature erythrocytes
43
Stages of differentiation of RBC
In cases of rapid RBC production
→↑______ in the circulation.
reticulocytes
44
ERYTHROPOIESIS
Hemopoietic material for erythropoiesis: ______ and ______
iron (Fe++), protein
45
ERYTHROPOIESIS
Influencing factors of RBC maturity: ______ and ______ (______)
Vitamin B12, folic acid, DNA metabolism
46
ERYTHROPOIESIS
Process of erythropoiesis (______-______ days)
6, 7
47
ERYTHROCYTE PHYSIOLOGY
Number of RBC: it is most numbers in the ______.
• Normal value (Male adult): ______; ave: ______
• Female adult: ______; average: ______
• Newborn: ______
blood
4.5~5.5x10^12/L, 5.0×10^12/L
3.8~4.6× 10^12/L, 4.2×10^12/L
≥ 6.0x10^12/L
48
ERYTHROCYTE PHYSIOLOGY
Protein within RBC is ______:
• Hb in male adult: ______
• Hb in female adult: ______
• Hb in newborn (within 5 days): ______
• Pregnant female, numbers of RBC and Hb are relatively ______ (because of ______).
hemoglobin (Hb)
120~160 g/L
110~150 g/L
≥ 200 g/L
less, more plasma
49
Functions of RBC
RBC can be used for transportation of ______, and ______, in the blood
RBC can be served as ______.
O, CO
pH buffer
50
Main place for Erythropoiesis is ______. Another place is ______.
bone marrow, liver
51
LIFE AND BREAKAGE OF RBC
Life-span: ______ days, about ______ months, each RBC circulates ______ km averagely in vessels, ______ life-span for aged RBC
120, 4, 27, short
52
LIFE AND BREAKAGE OF RBC
Breakage: places are ______, ______ and ______, and after breakage, Hb released from RBC immediately combine with ______ (Hb touched protein) which is taken in by liver for ______ reuse.
liver, spleen, lymphatic node, plasma a2-globulin, iron
53
LIFE AND BREAKAGE OF RBC
______, very toxic if it get into blood, normally, it can be metabolized into ______ in liver.
Hb, bile pigment
54
Regulation of RBC production
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by ______ hormone produced by the ______ in response to ______ (low oxygen in the blood)
ERYTHROPOIETIN, kidney, hypoxia
55
Regulation of RBC production
Hypoxia (low oxygen) caused by:
• Low RBC count (Anemia)
• Hemorrhage
• High altitude
• Prolonged heart failure
• Lung diseases
56
Erythropoietin:
• ______protein
• ______% from renal cortex and ______% from the liver.
• Stimulate the growth of early ______.
• Does not affect ______
• Can be measured in ______ & ______.
Glyco, 90, 10, stem cells, maturation, plasma, urine
57
Number of Leukocyte (white blood cells, WBC): ______
(4.0~10) ×10^9/L
58
CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKOCYTE:
Granulocyte (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil), Monocyte and Lymphocyte
59
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
60
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______: Metamorphosed WBCs pass through vessel wall getting into interstitial fluid.
Diapedesis
61
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______: It is a process that WBCs shift to some chemical material (metabolic production, antigen-antibody complex, bacteria, toxin, etc).
Chemotaxis
62
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______: It is a process that WBCs enclose and engulf exotic or extraneous material, and use intracellular enzyme digesting them.
Phagocytosis
63
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______
- Another name, polymorphonuclear, PMN, 6-8 h in the vessels diapedisis, chemotaxis and phagocytosis (using its hydrolyzed enzyme)
Neutrophil
64
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______
- Function: It plays a very important role in nonspecific cellular immunity system which is against pathogenic microorganism, such as bacteria, virus, parasite, etc.
Neutrophil
65
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______
- Clinic relation: Number of this greatly increase occurring in acute inflammation and earlier time of chronic inflammation.
Neutrophil
66
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______
- Circadian changes: Its number is lower in the morning and higher at night.
Eosinophil
67
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______
- It limits and modulates the effects of basophil on fast allergic reaction.
- It is involved in immune reaction against worm with opsonization.
Eosinophil
68
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______
- Clinic relation: Its number increase when person suffers from parasite infection or allergic reaction.
Eosinophil
69
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______
- Circulatory time: 12 hours
Basophil
70
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
Basophil
- Basogranules contain ______, ______, ______ and ______ for allergic reaction.
heparin, histamine, chemotactic factors, chronic reactive material
71
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
______
- Function: It is also involved in allergic reaction.
Basophil
72
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
Monocyte
- diameter about ______ without granule
15~30 um
73
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
Monocyte
Function:
1. Phagocytosis
2. Monocytes in the tissue from blood are called
______
3. ______ induced by monocyte may modulate other cells growth.
4. ______ plays a very important role in specific immune response
macrophages, Cytokines, Monocyte-macrophage system
74
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
Lymphocyte
- Classification: It can be separated into ______ and ______.
T-Lymphocyte, B- Lymphocyte
75
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC
Lymphocyte
- Function:
1. Lymphocytes serve as a ______ in immune responsive reaction.
2. T- Lymphocytes involved in ______.
3. B- Lymphocytes involved in ______.
nuclear role, cellular immunity, humoral immunity
76
PLATELET OR THROMBOCYTE PHYSIOLOGY
Shape: ______ disk like, diameter about ______
Biconvex, 2-4 um
77
PLATELET OR THROMBOCYTE PHYSIOLOGY
Complicated structure: ______, ______ body, ______ enzyme, ______ system, ______ system, ______,etc.
a- granule, dense, lysin peroxide, opening tubular, dense tubular, canaliculus
78
PLATELET OR THROMBOCYTE PHYSIOLOGY
Dense body: It contains ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, etc.
ADP, ATP, 5-HT, Ca2+, epinephrine
79
PLATELET OR THROMBOCYTE PHYSIOLOGY
Source: ______ from the ______
Megakaryocyte, marrow
80
NORMAL VALUE AND FUNCTION OF PLATELET
Normal value: ______~______, range from ______%-______%
100×10^9, 300× 10^9, 6, 10
81
NORMAL VALUE AND FUNCTION OF PLATELET
Normal changes: more number in the ______ than in the morning, more in ______ than in spring, more in the ______ than capillary, after sports, during pregnancy
afternoon, winter, venous blood
82
NORMAL VALUE AND FUNCTION OF PLATELET
Function:
1. It maintains ______ cells smooth and ______ (repairing endothelium and providing nutrition).
2. It is involved in ______
capillary endothelial, integrated, physiological hemostasis
83
LIFE-SPAN AND BREAKAGE OF PLATELET
Life-span: Averagely, ______ days in the blood. It can be consumed when it displays physiological functions.
7-14
84
LIFE-SPAN AND BREAKAGE OF PLATELET
Breakage: Aged platelet can be processed by ______ in liver, spleen and lymphatic node.
phagocytosis
85
______: The process from vessel bleeding to automatic hemostasia.
PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS
86
PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS
Bleeding time: The time from vessel bleeding to automatic hemostasia. Normal time is ______ and it is longer when platelet ______.
1-3 min, decrease
87
PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS
Process of hemostasis:
Blood vessel contraction or convulsion
Platelet thrombosis
Fibrin, clot formation and maintenance
88
PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS
Process of hemostasis:
______ (neuroreflex; 5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT; thromboxane A2, TXA2; endothelin, ET)
Blood vessel contraction or convulsion
89
PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS
Process of hemostasis:
______ (platelet adhesion, aggregation, release and contraction)
Platelet thrombosis
90
PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS
Process of hemostasis:
______ (blood coagulation activation)
Fibrin, clot formation and maintenance
91
______: The process of blood flow from flowing liquid to gel or gelatin.
BLOOD COAGULATION BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR
92
BLOOD COAGULATION BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR
Serum: ______ fluid after blood coagulation.
Light yellow
93
BLOOD COAGULATION BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR
Difference between serum and plasma mainly consists in ______.
no fibrinogen in serum
94
______ is a series of complicated biochemical reactions with various enzymes.
Blood coagulation
95
______: Material which are directly involved in blood coagulation. There are ______ factors (Roman numerals) except Ca2+, phospholipid, other factors being protein, and except FIII (TF), others are in fresh plasma synthesized by liver with VitK.
Blood clotting factor, 12
96
BLOOD COAGULATION PATHWAYS
Intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
Extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
97
BLOOD COAGULATION
______: All blood clotting factors involved in blood coagulation come from blood. ______ with negative charges (______) on the endothelium of blood vessel activates blood FXII as beginning of coagulation named ______.
Intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, Eyewinker surface, collagenin, surface activation
98
BLOOD COAGULATION
______: Stimulus activates tissue factor (FIII) as beginning of coagulation.
Extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
99
______ of blood coagulation is faster than ______ of blood coagulation because its steps are more simple.
Extrinsic pathway, intrinsic pathway
100
______ - involved in fibrinolysis, tissue repair and vessel rebirth.
Fibrinolytic system
101
Two fibrinolytic systems: ______ (leucocyte, macrophage, endothelial cell, mesothelial cell and platelet) to engulf and digest fibrin and ______ (plasminogen activators (PA) and its inhibitors (PAI), plasminogen, plasmin)
cellular, plasma
102
FIBRINOLYSIS
Endothelial cells (______ pathway)
Extrinsic
103
FIBRINOLYSIS
Kallikrein (______ pathway)
Intrinsic
104
BLOOD GROUP
History: ABO blood group system was founded by ______ in ______.
Landsteiner, 1901
105
______: Types of specific antigens on the blood cell.
Blood group
106
______: Combination of the same ______ (or named agglutinogen, glycoprotein/glycolipid on the membrane of blood coll) and ______ (or named agglutinin, r-globin in serum) results in harmful immune reactions showing ______.
Agglutination, antigen, antibody, hemolysis
107
BLOOD GROUP OF RBC
Number: ______ types, ______ antigens, more important blood groups are ABO, Rh, MNSs, Lutheran, kell, Lewis, duff, kidd, etc and all of them could result in ______ during transfusion.
23, 193, hemolysis
108
______ is widely used in clinic treatment.
Transfusion
109
Principle of transfusion:
1. Identification of blood group
2. Cross-match test must be done
3. The same types of blood group should be considered.
110
TYPES OF TRANSFUSION
According to source of transfusion, allogenetic transfusion (more use), autologous transfusion.
According to component of transfusion, whole blood transfusion, transfusion of blood components
Autologous transfusion has some advantages.
111
______ transfusion has some advantages:
It decreases ______.
It blocks syndrome (fever, hemolysis) induced by ______.
It stimulates ______ towards RBC.
Autologous, infection, allogenetic transfusion, bone marrow hemopoiesis
