Blood Physiology

Question 1

serves the cells of complex organisms in the same way that the aquatic environment serves unicellular organisms
provides a medium for the maintenance of homeostasis in the cells’ environment

Answer 1

Blood

Question 2

must function as a transportation system, bringing nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removing wastes and carbon dioxide from the interstitial fluid around the cells.

This transportation system also serves to link the various organs of the body together, integrating them through the action of hormones.

Answer 2

blood

Question 3

performs other functions that are not obvious, such as providing buffers for acid-base balance, destroying foreign organisms through phagocytosis and antibody action, distributing, and conserving body heat, and preventing its own loss through homeostatic (coagulation) mechanisms.

Answer 3

Blood

Question 4

are responsible for oxygen transport in the bloodstream. Their ability to maintain their shape and function in different osmotic conditions is essential for overall health

Answer 4

Red blood cells, or erythrocytes

Question 5

having a higher concentration of solute than another solution or medium

higher osmolality

Answer 5

Hypertonic

Question 6

if it has a lower concentration of solutes relative to the cytosol

lower osmolality

Answer 6

hypotonic

Question 7

the destruction of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Answer 7

hemolysis

Question 8

defined as the osmolality of a solution relative to plasma which is 0.9% NaCl

Answer 8

Tonicity

Question 9

Solutions that have the same osmolality as plasma are said to be

Answer 9

isotonic

Question 10

Since these numbers are very large, it is impractical to make a direct count of the cells in a very small volume of whole blood. Thus, the cells are first diluted before they are placed in the

Answer 10

hemocytometer

Question 11

blood contains three specialized classes of cells, or formed elements:

Answer 11

(1) red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide,

(2) white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes which combat infections and invading organs, and

(3) platelets (mammals) or thrombocytes (avians) which prevent loss of blood

Question 12

pipettes are usually used in making these dilutions for hemocytometer

These pipettes have red and white beads used for RBC and WBC counts, respectively

Answer 12

Special Thoma blood dilution pipettes

Question 13

a clear, colorless liquid used to count red blood cells (RBCs) in blood samples

Answer 13

Hayem’s solution

Question 14

The bore of the WBC pipette is __________ than that of the RBC pipette making it easier to use accurately but requiring more blood.

Answer 14

larger

Question 15

STAINING THE SMEAR

a stain used to rapidly examine blood smears and other pathology specimens

a commercial Romanowsky stain variant used to rapidly stain and differentiate a variety of pathology specimens. It is most frequently used for blood films and cytopathological smears, including fine needle aspirates.

Answer 15

Diff-Quick

Question 16

STAINING THE SMEAR

Diff-Quick dyes

Answer 16

fixer
eosin (red stain)
methylene blue
distilled water

Question 17

STAINING THE SMEAR

a hematologic stain that facilitates the differentiation of blood cell types. It is classically a mixture of eosin (red) and methylene blue dyes. It is used primarily to stain peripheral blood smears, urine samples, and bone marrow aspirates, which are examined under a light microscope.

Answer 17

Wright’s Stain

Question 18

Nuclei Characteristics
Lobed

Color of Granules in Cytoplasm
Faintly purple or pink

Answer 18

Neutrophil

Question 19

Neutrophil Distribution

Answer 19

65%

Question 20

Nuclei Characteristics
Lobed

Color of Granules in Cytoplasm
Red

Answer 20

Eosinophil

Question 21

Eosinophil Distribution

Answer 21

2 to 4%

Question 22

Nuclei Characteristics
Bilobed

Color of Granules in Cytoplasm
Coarse bluish-black

Answer 22

Basophil

Question 23

Basophil Distribution

Answer 23

0.5%

Question 24

Nuclei Characteristics
Large nuclei that almost fill the cells

Color of Granules in Cytoplasm
No apparent granules

Answer 24

Lymphocyte

Question 25

Lymphocyte Distribution

Answer 25

20 to 25%

Question 26

Nuclei Characteristics Large nuclei that may appear horseshoe-shaped, nuclei not so large in relation to size of cells as nuclei of lymphocytes Color of Granules in Cytoplasm No granules

Answer 26

Monocyte

Question 27

Monocyte Distribution

Answer 27

3 to 7%

Question 28

is a protective device that minimizes blood loss when blood vessels are ruptured

Answer 28

Blood clotting, or coagulation,

Question 29

This process involves a series of chemical reactions involving the interaction of many substances normally present in the plasma (____________) as well as some released by platelets or injured tissues

Answer 29

clotting factors

Question 30

Normally, blood removed from the body clots within to

Answer 30

2 to 6 minutes

Question 31

hemostasis process

Answer 31

the injured tissues and platelets release thromboplastin, which triggers the clotting cascade. Thromboplastin interacts with other clotting factors to convert prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then acts enzymatically to polymerize the soluble fibrinogen proteins into insoluble fibrin, which forms a meshwork of strands that traps RBCs and forms the bases of the clot.

Question 32

he injured tissues and platelets release which triggers the clotting cascade

Answer 32

thromboplastin

Question 33

Thromboplastin interacts with other clotting factors to convert ___________ to thrombin

Answer 33

prothrombin

Question 34

acts enzymatically to polymerize the soluble fibrinogen proteins into insoluble fibrin, which forms a meshwork of strands that traps RBCs and forms the bases of the clot.

Answer 34

Thrombin

Question 35

Thrombin acts enzymatically to polymerize the ________________ proteins into ____________, which forms a meshwork of strands that traps RBCs and forms the bases of the clot.

Answer 35

soluble fibrinogen insoluble fibrin

Question 36

a specialized slide used for cell counting with a microscope

Answer 36

hemocytometer

Question 37

RBC /mm3

Answer 37

(No. of cells counted X dilution X 4000)/ (No. of small squares counted)

Question 38

WBC per cubic mm of blood

Answer 38

(No. of cells counted X dilution X 10)/(No. of large squares counted)

Question 39

Tubes containing coagulants:

Answer 39

Polymer gel and powdered silica Powdered silica

Question 40

Tubes containing anticoagulants:

Answer 40

EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid) Buffered sodium citrate Lithium heparin Sodium fluoride Dried EDTA

Question 41

is the percent volume of whole blood that is occupied by red blood cells. It is determined by centrifuging the blood in special hematocrit capillary tubes.

Answer 41

packed cell volume, or hematocrit

Question 42

in packed cell volume, or hematocrit, percent of whole blood composed of cells is determined by the ___________ of the red blood cells in the tube compared with the _________ of the total column of blood.

Answer 42

height

Question 43

PCV is below normal with the following conditions:

Answer 43

(1) blood cells have not been formed in their usual numbers, (2) blood cells are small in size (iron, copper or cobalt-deficiency) or have been destroyed in large numbers (by blood-sucking parasites or toxins causing hemolysis), and (3) the extracellular volume including plasma fluid volume is increased as in congestive heart failure.

Question 44

PCV is above normal as a result of the following conditions:

Answer 44

(1) fluid intake is reduced, (2) excessive body fluid is lost, (3) RBC formation is increased, and (4) during late stage of gestation.

Question 45

percent PCV

Answer 45

[ (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝐵𝐶𝑠) / (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝐵𝐶𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑚𝑎)]×100

Question 46

refers to when the patient has a low platelet count. In relation to hemophilia, the loss of platelets could also cause difficulty in stopping bleeding, which may then cause further problems, such as low RBC count.

Answer 46

Thrombocytopenia

Question 47

is a type of blood disorder, wherein a patient does not have enough clotting factors, such as the proteins that work with the platelets in clot formation, leading to less clotting abilities and heightened bleeding rates.

Answer 47

Hemophilia

Question 48

This test is used to check the blood sugar level. Doing this test may be done to diagnose pre-diabetes, diabetes, or gestational diabetes

Answer 48

Fasting blood glucose

Question 49

This test is used to assess the kidney health and function, and glomerular filtration rate. Doing the test helps for easier diagnosis of CKD or AKI, how it can be monitored and for deciding dosage medication

Answer 49

Serum creatinine

Question 50

This test measures the amount of Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase in the blood serum. It helps to detect if there is damage in the liver especially due to disease, drugs, or injury

Answer 50

SGPT (ALT) Alanine Aminotransferase

Question 51

This test measures the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Doing this test may provide significant information if there is a risk of developing a heart disease or condition

Answer 51

Cholesterol

Question 52

are responsible for carrying oxygen and delivering it to the body

Answer 52

Erythrocytes

Question 53

are part of the body’s defense system against diseases

Answer 53

Leukocytes

Question 54

typically the first responders to the site of infection. They are also phagocytic.

Answer 54

Neutrophils

Question 55

these cells are involved in responses against parasites as well as allergic reactions.

Answer 55

Eosinophils

Question 56

these cells are involved in inflammatory processes and producing allergic response

Answer 56

Basophils

Question 57

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies or immunoglobulins

Answer 57

B Lymphocytes

Question 58

Lymphocytes thst attack foreign or diseased cells

Answer 58

T Lymphocytes

Question 59

hese cells phagocytose dead cells and bacteria

Answer 59

Monocytes

Question 60

these cells are involved in the repairing of blood vessels if damage occurs.

Answer 60

Thrombocytes

Question 61

Why do you need to wipe off the first drop in the procedure?

Answer 61

Wiping off the first drop of blood ensures that the blood is not contaminated by tissue fluid or debris from pricking the skin.