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FF4 Test 1 > Blood Pressure Regulation > Flashcards

Blood Pressure Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood pressure regulation can be divided in 2 categories

A

Acute - regulation of circulation and rapid control of arterial pressure
Chronic- Role of Kidney in blood pressure regulation

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2
Q

arterial pressure control is done by

A

nervous control

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3
Q

Nervous system mainly affects

A

redistribution of blood flow to different areas of the body, by increasing the pumping activity of the heart and providing rapid control of arterial pressure

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4
Q

SNS contributes to blood circulation by

A

regulating vascular tone and directly affecting the pumping activity of the heart
increasing heart rate and force of contraction

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5
Q

PSNS contributes to blood circulation by

A

decreasing heart rate

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6
Q

what blood vessels are not innervated by SNS?

A

capillaries

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7
Q

Describe the mechanism of the SNS in the decrease of blood flow to tissue

A

innervation of small arteries and arterioles stimulates increase in resistance to blood flow

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8
Q

What causes the inervation of SNS in large veins?

A

It decreases the volume of the vessel = blood to the heart = increasing the blood flow to the heart and the pumping efficiency of the heart (increased cardiac output).

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9
Q

SNS fibers carry large # of

A

vasoconstrictor fibers

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10
Q

Where is located the vasomotor center?

A

Bilaterally in the reticular substance of the medulla and lower third of the pons.

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11
Q

3 functions of the vasomotor center

A

Transmits parasympathetic impulses through the vagal nerve to the heart
Transmits sympathetic impulses through the spinal cord and peripheral sympathetic nerves to almost all the blood vessels in the body.
Transmits SNS vasoconstrictor tone of the entire body maintaining a partial state of contraction in blood vessels

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12
Q

3 areas of the vasomotor center

A

vasoconstrictor area
vasodilator area
sensory area

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13
Q

vasoconstrcitor area of the vasomotor center location and role

A

Bilaterally in the anterolateral portion of the upper medulla.
neurons distribute their fibers at all levels of the spinal cord and excite the vasoconstrictor neurons of the SNS

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14
Q

vasodilator area of the vasomotor center location and role

A

Bilaterally in the anterolateral portions of the lower half of the medulla.
Fibers of neurons project upward to the vasoconstriction area and inhibit vasoconstrictor activity

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15
Q

sensory area of the vasomotor center location and role

A

Bilaterally in the tractus solitarius in the posterolateral portions of the medulla and lower pons.
Neurons receive sensory inputs through the vagus and glossopharyngeal n.

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16
Q

What activities control the sensory area of the vasomotor center

A

vasoconstrictor and vasodilator areas and reflex control of circulation

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17
Q

t/f the vasomotor center also controls the activity of the heart

A

true

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18
Q

The lateral portion of the VMC transmits

A

excitatory impulses through the SNS nerve fibers to the heart = increase heart rate and contractility.

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19
Q

The medial portion of the VMC transmits

A

Parasympathetic impulses to the heart = decrease heart rate.

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20
Q

Heart increases when

A

vasoconstriction occurs

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21
Q

heart decresases when

A

vasodilation occurs

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22
Q

NT released by nerve endings that causes vasoconstriction

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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23
Q

nor-epi acts on what receptors

A

alpha

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24
Q

The adrenal glands release what and is transported where?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine
into blood carried everywhere to constrict blood vessels

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25
NT that causes vasoconstriction
nor epi and epi
26
t/f Epinephrine causes vasodilation through its beta receptor stimulation in certain tissue of the body
true
27
How does spinal anesthesia work?
blocks all sympathetic transmission from the spinal cord to the periphery.
28
3 factors that control rapid control of arterial pressure
constriction of all the arterioles in the body = increasing peripheral resistance = increasing arterial pressure constriction of veins = increasing blood volume to the heart increase heart rate and force of contraction
29
What does the Arterial baroreceptor control system control?
arterial pressure
30
how does the Arterial baroreceptor control system work?
it is negative feedback system Reflex is initiated by the stretch of the receptors Spray-type nerve endings in arterial wall at carotid bifurcation and aortic arch Carotid receptors go via glosspharyngeal (IX) to vasomotor center Aortic arch receptors go via vagus (X) to vasomotor center
31
baroreceptors respond to
changes in arterial pressure
32
steps of the baroreceptor reflex
increased arterial pressure baroreceptor sends signal from the carotid and aortic body nucleus solitarium of medulla inhibition of vasoconstrictor center of medulla excitation of vagal PSNS center vasodilation of veins in periphery heart rate and strength of contraction decrease
33
What is the net result of the baroreceptor reflex when there is increased arterial pressure?
Arterial pressure decreases because of both a decrease in peripheral resistance and a decrease in cardiac output.
34
What is the net result of the baroreceptor reflex when there is decreased arterial pressure?
causes pressure to go back to normal
35
the primary purpose of the arterial baroreceptor system
Reduce the minute by minute, variation in arterial pressure
36
why aren't baroreceptors useful in long term regulation of mean arterial pressure?
Because they reset themselves in 1 to 2 days if the arterial pressure returns to higher normal pressure.
37
What mechanism is used to control long-term arterial pressure?
renal body fluid pressure control system
38
Chemoreceptors also aid in the control of arterial pressure. How do they do this?
sensitive to changes in oxygen, CO2, or hydrogen ions in the blood
39
Difference between baroreceptors and chemoreceptors to control changes in arterial pressure
baroreceptors = stretch receptors chemoreceptors = changes in O2 and H in blood
40
Where are chemoreceptors located?
on the carotid bodies and aortic arches
41
mechanism of action of chemoreceptors reflexes
excite nerve fibers that pass through the Herrings’ nerve and the vagus nerves to vasomotor centers of the brain stem diminished O2 or excess CO2 in the blood, resulting in the activation signal transmitted from the chemoreceptors into the VMC excites these centers and elevates AP back to normal.
42
chemoreceptor are only activated when
AP falls below 80 mmHg ,are effective only at low pressures.
43
baroreflexes and chemoreflex are located in the central or peripheral nervous system?
peripheral, outside the brain
44
mechanism of the CNS in response to cerebral ischemia
1. Vasomotor center ACTIVATED due to an: oxygen deficiency increased CO2 lactic acid build-up 2. SNS outflow=constriction of all blood vessels 3. The entire circulatory system is tightened, heart is enhanced in an effort to restore oxygenated blood to the brain
45
When is the CNS ischemia response activated?
Only when the blood pressure falls below 60 mm Hg
46
cushing rxn.
special type of CNS ischemic response.
47
mechanism of cushing rxn.
1. Increased pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid around the brain in the cranial vault compresses the whole brain and the artery and cuts off the blood supply to the brain. 2. Increases AP (arterial pressure) rise above the CSF pressure, resulting in blood flow to the brain's vessels to relieve ischemia.
48
t/f too much extracellular fluid causes te AP (arterial pressure) to rise
true
49
2 mechanism of the kidneys to excrete excess extracellular water to decrease AP
Pressure diuresis (water) Pressure natriuresis (salt)
50
When there is a lack of nervous control, the circulatory system responds to
Volume changes with no nervous reflexes active
51
analysis of electrolyte intake and urinary output requires two factors
The level of salt/H2O intake The urinary output curve
52
In long-term control, how can the arterial pressure be increased?
shifting the urinary output curve to the right or increasing the fluid/electrolyte intake
53
salt increases
AP because it is not easily excreted
54
mechanism of excess salt in the body
salt increases the osmolality of the body fluid this stimulates the thirst center, making the person drink more water diluting the extracellular salt to normal concentration increases extracellular fluid volume.
55
An increase in osmolality in extracellular fluid stimulates
hypothalamic neurons to increase the release of ADH kidneys reabsorb water, diminishing urine and increasing extracellular fluid
56
hypertension
Mean AP greater than 110 mmHg diastolic greater than 90 mmHg systolic greater than 135 mmHg
57
consequences of hypertension
Excess workload on the heart leads to early heart failure and coronary artery disease High pressure ruptures major blood vessels of the brain leading to stroke. Causes multiple hemorrhages in the kidneys, destruction of renal tissue, renal failure, uremia
58
long term arterial pressure regulation is primarily mediated by 2 substances
Renin angiotensin system Aldosterone
59
circulatory effects of angiotensin II
Angiotensin II increases AP directly by increasing TPR acting on the kidney it causes renal retention of salt and water producing an increase in blood volume and CO over a period of time
60
specific mechanism of angiotensin II
1. Constricts the renal arterioles = decreasing blood flow through the kidneys = less fluid filters through the glomeruli into the tubules osmotic reabsorption of fluid from the tubules 2. acts on the adrenal glands to increase the production of aldosterone = increases the salt and water retention. 3. aldosterone = reabsorption of sodium, thereby increasing the total body extracellular fluid sodium.
61
aldosteronism (tumor in adrenal gland)
Increases the extracellular fluid, salt and water absorption by tubules in kidneys, and volume, resulting in volume overload hypertension.
62
difference between rapid and long control of AP
RAPID=NERVOUS SYSTEM=LOSE GAIN OVER TIME LONG=RENAL=INCREASING GAIN OVER TIME

FF4 Test 1 (11 decks)

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