Blood Pressures, Respiratory System: Functions & Anatomy-Lecture 21 Exam 4 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Blood (Arterial) Pressure
-The pressure of circulating blood
against the walls of the arteries
-Used to assess overall cardiovascular health
-Measured by a sphygmomanometer
Systolic Pressure
Maximum arterial blood pressure during ventricular contraction
Diastolic Pressure
Minimum pressure just before the next contraction
Average Blood Pressure
120/80 Systolic/Diastolic
Pulse Pressure (PP)
-Measures the strength of the pressure wave produced by ventricular contraction
-Pulse pressure = systolic pressure – diastolic pressure
-Used to assess elasticity of the arterial system
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
-The average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle
-Weighted more toward diastole because the heart spends more time in relaxation than contraction
-MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic pressure – diastolic pressure)
-Used to assess organ perfusion
Describe the Relationship Between Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Cardiac Output (CO), and Peripheral
Resistance (R)
-MAP is directly proportional (α) to cardiac output (CO) x peripheral
resistance (R)
-MAP α CO x R
How would mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be affected by changes in peripheral resistance (R)?
-Increased resistance (vasoconstriction): increased MAP
-Decreased resistance (vasodilation): decreased MAP
How would mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be affected by changes in cardiac output (CO)?
-Low CO: ↓ MAP
-High CO: ↑ MAP
How would mean arterial pressure (MAP) be affected by changes in total blood volume?
-Low volume (e.g., dehydration, bleeding): ↓ EDV → ↓ CO → ↓ MAP
-High volume (e.g., fluid overload): ↑ EDV → ↑ CO → ↑ MAP
How would mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be affected by changes in blood distribution in the body?
-Less blood return to heart (vein dilation) - ↑ SV → ↑ CO → ↑ MAP
-More blood return to heart (vein constriction) - ↓ SV → ↓ CO → ↓ MAP
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
-Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2)
-Maintain stable neutral blood pH
-Sound production and vocalization (larynx)
-Keep pathogens and irritants out of the body
Pulmonary Ventilation
Exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs
Pulmonary gas exchange between lungs (alveoli) and blood
The process of oxygen (O₂) moving from the lungs (alveoli) into the blood and carbon dioxide (CO₂) moving from the blood into the lungs
Transport of Gases in the Blood
Oxygen being carried from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide being transported from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation
Tissue Gas Exchange Between Blood
and Body Tissues (cells)
Also known as internal respiration, is the process where oxygen diffuses from the blood into body tissues & carbon dioxide diffuses from tissues into the blood
Upper Respiratory Tract Respiratory System Anatomy
Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract Respiratory System Anatomy
Trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles, lungs (alveoli)
Conducting Zone (no gas exchange)
-Nostrils through the bronchioles
-Conditions inspired air (warms, humidifies and filters out bacteria, viruses, dust)
Respiratory Zone (gas exchange)
-Lungs
-Pink, light, spongy, elastic
-Comprised of alveoli
-Surrounded by pleural membranes
-Right lung (3 lobes), left lung (2 lobes)
Visceral Pleura
-Next to the lungs
-Serous membrane, several layers
-Covers & protects the lungs, allowing them to expand and contract smoothly during breathing
Parietal Pleura
-Next to the rib cage
-Serous membrane, outer layer of pleura
-Major role in formation and removal of pleural fluid
Serous/Pleural Fluid
-Normal, lubricating fluid found in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall
-Lubricates pleural surface to make sliding over easier for inflation & deflation
Pleural Cavity
-The space between the visceral and parietal pleura
-Facilitate lung movement & breathing
