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Anatomy and Physiology Honors > Blood Pt.1 (Up to Slide 30) > Flashcards

Blood Pt.1 (Up to Slide 30) Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

How much of body weight is blood?

A

7-8%

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2
Q

How may liters of blood does male have?

A

5-6 Liters

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3
Q

How many liters of blood does females have?

A

4-5 Liters

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4
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

TRANSPORT: 02 (Oxygen) + Nutrients, C02 (Carbon Dioxide) + other wastes, and Hormones

REGULATION: Body temperature, pH

PROTECTION: Clotting (hemostasis), Immune: antibodies (gamma globulins) & leukocytes

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5
Q

What is the liquid portion of blood?

A

Plasma —> ECM

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of formed elements:
(3 types of cells)

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets

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7
Q

Why does blood separate when centrifuged?

A

Because blood is a suspension

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8
Q

True or False: There are chemical buffers in blood?

A

True

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9
Q

What are the most important buffers in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate buffer system
- Reacts to quick changes in the pH

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10
Q

What is the percentage of H20 (Water) in plasma?

A

90%

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11
Q

What is the percentage of proteins in plasma?

A

8%

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12
Q

What makes the 8% of proteins found in plasma?

A

The liver

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13
Q

Albumin ___% of plasma proteins

A

60%

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14
Q

Antibodies are made by?

A

Leukocytes (White blood cells)
(immune proteins)

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15
Q

Two proteins for plasma?

A

Transport proteins
Clotting proteins

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16
Q

What are the 1% small molecules?

A

Glucose, Electrolytes, Oxygen (02), Carbon dioxide (C02), Cellular wastes, Hormones

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17
Q

Plasma is the ___ of Connective Tissue:

A

ECM - Extracellular Matrix

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18
Q

What percentage of plasma is blood?

A

55%

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19
Q

What percentage of the buffy coat is in blood?

A

1%

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20
Q

True or False: The formed elements are in the buffy coat?

A

True. The formed elements are in the buffy coat

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21
Q

Erythrocytes is called? And percentage in the blood is?

A

Hematocrit
44%

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22
Q

True or False: Erythrocytes/ hematocrit is the portion of blood that is red blood cells?

A

True

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23
Q

True or False: Females have more hematocrit?

A

False. Males have more hematocrit

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24
Q

Erythrocytes are ____ of hemoglobin?

A

Bags of hemoglobin

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25
Erythrocytes start off as ___ cells, then ___ organelles
full eject
26
True or False: Erythrocytes are true cells? Why or why not?
False, erythrocytes are not true cells. There are no nuclei or organelles
27
Leukocytes are the _____ ______ cells?
Only true
28
Leukocytes:
- Immune cells - The only complete cells among the formed elements
29
Platelets are ___ of cells:
Fragment
30
True or False: Platelets are cell fragments that act in clotting?
True
31
Formed elements do not divide: So, Where do new cells come from?
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) found in bone marrow
32
Erythrocytes A.K.A:
Hematocrit
33
What is the shape of Erythrocytes?
- Biconcave disc - Donut hole in middle
34
True or False: Erythrocytes have a nucleus?
False. Erythrocytes are Anucleate = No nuclei
35
Erythrocytes are ____ of hemoglobin (Hb) and are a ______ protein for 02
- bags - carrier
36
How many subunits is hemoglobin/protein made up of?
- 4 subunits - 4 heme groups + Globin protein
37
Hb Structure: _ globin chains _ a &_ b
- 4 globin chains - 2 alphas - 2 betas + 4 heme groups (each one binds to 02)
38
Oxyhemoglobin:
With 02
39
Deoxyhemoglobin:
No 02
40
Carbaminohemoglobin:
Carries C02
41
Hematopoiesis:
Production of ALL blood cells
42
Erythropoiesis:
Production of erythrocytes
43
List Step 1 & 2 and phases 1-3 for the production of erythropoiesis:
Step 1: Stem cell (Hematopoietic stem cell) Hemocytoblast Step 2: Committed cell (Proerythroblast) divides repeatedly Phase 1: Ribosome synthesis Phase 2: Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3: Ejection of nucleus ---> erythrocyte
44
True or False: Erythrocytes have a long life span?
False. There is no nucleus so there are no instructions for repairs
45
How long is the lifespan for an erythrocyte?
100-120 days
46
Which organ is considered the 'graveyard' for RBC's? a. Heart b. Lung c. Eye d. Spleen
D. Spleen
47
True or False: In the spleen → iron is recycled, rest becomes bilirubin?
True
48
What is the life cycle of erythrocytes controlled by?
Controlled by EPO (erythropoietin, from kidneys)
49
Erythrocytes enter the blood stream as _______?
Reticulocytes
50
True or False: Elevated reticulocyte count indicates blood loss?
True
51
Testosterone also ____ EPO production
Increases
52
Raw materials for new RBC's come from?
The diet
53
What items are in the diet for the RBCs:
- Vitamin B12 - Folic acid (important to dividing cells) -Iron
54
Where are the items in the diet for the RBCs stored?
Stored in the liver and spleen Stored inside cells, attached to proteins (Ferritin & Hemosiderin)
55
______ in blood, attaches to a carrier protein
Transferrin
56
True or False: Anemia usually is secondary to another issue?
True
57
Anemia means that:
Blood is not carrying enough oxygen
58
List the symptoms of anemia:
- Fatigue - Pallor - Shortness of breath - Chilled
59
Blood loss:
Hemorrhagic anemia Acute or Chronic
60
True OR False:Anemia may be due to not enough RBCs being producedTrue or False:
True
61
Iron deficiency anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
62
Perniciouschemia:
Lack of B12
63
Perniciouschemia means that:
Vitamin B12 can't be absorb or there isn't enough
64
Renal Anemia:
Not enough EPO produced
65
Aplastic Anemia:
- Bone marrow damage Worst case of anemia No platelets, Wbc etc
66
Thalassemia:
A genetic condition Faulty globin chains
67
Sickle cell anemia:
Genetic - faulty Hb
68
Hemolytic anemia:
Bacteria, transfusion reaction
69
Polycythemia:
Too many RBCs cause viscas blood
70
Polycythemia Vera:
Cancer
71
Secondary polycythemia:
- High altitude - Blood doping
72
True or False: Leukocytes are confined to the bloodstream?
False. Leukocytes are not confined to the blood stream, they can leave & move into tissue
73
Chemotaxis:
Attracted to sites of cellular damage
74
Diapedesis:
Slip between endothelial cells to enter tissues
75
What are the 2 basic varieties of leukocytes:
- Granulocytes - Agranulocytes
76
Leukocytosis:
Increase of WBCs during infections
77
Granulocytes AKA
Phagocytic
78
What are the 3 granulocytes:
- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophil
79
Neutrophils:
- Bacteria fighters - 60-70% of WBCs - Contains enzymes & defensins
80
Eosinophils:
- Parasitic worms - Allergies - 2-4% of WBCs - Granules contain digestive enzymes
81
Basophil:
- 0.5-1% of WBCs - Granules contain histamine - Promotes inflammation
82
Lymphocytes:
- 25% or more of WBCs in blood - Higher # in lymphoid tissues
83
2 types of lymphocytes:
- T cells specialty - B cells specialty
84
T cells:
Virally infected cells & cancerous cells
85
B cells:
Produce specialty
86
Monocyte:
3-8% of WBCs, become actively phagocytic macrophages after entering tissues (clean-up crew)
87
Myeloid line:
Monocytes, granulocytes, all formed elements >> stored in the marrow
88
Lymphoid line:
Lymphocytes >> B cells, T cells
89
Leukopenia:
Too few WBCs
90
Leukemia:
Cancerous overproduction of WBCs
91
Acute:
- Primarily affects children - Clones of undifferentiated stem cells
92
Chronic:
- Affects older people - Clones of later cell stages
93
Mononucleosis:
- Viral "kissing disease" - Overproduction of large, atypical lymphocytes
94
Thrombopoiesis:
HSCs --> megakaryoblasts -->megakaryocytes
95
True or False: Megakaryoblasts go through mitosis repeatedly without cytokinesis
True

Anatomy and Physiology Honors (9 decks)

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