Blood stuff Flashcards by Emma-Kate Veronesi

Describe blood

-atypical connective tissue -carries nutrients, o2, & waste

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Describe plasma

-anti coagulants needed for purification
-the noncellular liquid part of blood
-92% water
- WBC (+ platelets) & RBC present

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Describe serum

-serum=plasma-clotting factors
- no anti coagulants needed
-no fibrinogen

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What are the 3 major classes of plasma proteins?

-albumin
-globulins
-fibrinogen

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What is the concentration of protein in plasma?

8g d/L

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Which immunoglobulins is most abundant in normal animals?

IgG (immunoglobulins = antibodies)

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When amino acid concentration in tissue cells decreases below that of plasma, what happens?

amino acids enter the cells and are used for synthesis of essential plasma and proteins to reach equilibrium once more

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WBC are also known as

Leukocytes

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RBC are also known as

Erythrocytes

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Platelets are also known as

Thrombocytes

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What does a high count of granulocytes indicate?

Infection or allergies

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What is a granule?

small vacuoles in cytoplasm that destroy bacteria

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What are granulocytes?
(not what kind are there)

WBCs that include granules (proteins)

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What are the agranulocytes?

-Lymphoytes (smaller)
-Monocytes (larger)

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What are the granulocytes ?

-Neutrophil
-Eosiniphil
-Basophil

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Neutrophil traits:

-segmented nucleus
-first line of defense against infection
-lots of phagocytosis
-most common wbc
-produced in bone marrow
-dead neutrophils = pus

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Neutrophil principal function:

primary line of defense against most bacterial and fungal pathogens

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Basophil traits

-produced in bone marrow
-prominent purple granules (blackberry?)
-minimal phagocytosis
-least common wbc

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Basophil principal function:

defend from allergens, pathogens, and parasites

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Eosinophil traits:

-produced in bone marrow
-prominent pink granules (raspberry?)
-associated w/ parasites and allergies

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Eosinophil principal function:

defend from allergens & parasites

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How long to granular wbcs circulate/last?

Circulate in blood 6-20hrs
in tissues for 2-3 days

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Lymphocyte traits:

-Produced in lymphatic tissue
-re-circulates throughout blood & tissues repeatedly
-Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio (think moon sliver)

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Lymphocyte principal function:

antibody production & immune response

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How long do Lymphocytes circulate?

T-cells go from 100-200 days B-cells go 2-4 Memory cells can live years

Monocyte traits:

-produced in bone marrow -largest wbc -u-shaped nucleus -strong phagocytes -in tissues: called macrophages

Monocyte principal function:

eliminating infected cells. (germs, bacteria, fungi, etc.)

How long do monocytes circulate?

In tissue: several months In blood: 24 hrs

Differential count vs. Absolute count

personnel counts 100 of each to get % (Differential) vs. total # of wbcs taken from total # x % of differential (Absolute)

What are components of the hematocrit?

-relative proportion of cells to plasma -components (wbc, rbc, & platelets) can be separated by centrifuge into lower portion of tube

What accounts for the color of blood/plasma?

-Blood is red due to hemoglobin contained within erythrocytes. Red>Blue depending on o2 levels -Plasma is yellow>colorless due to presence of bilirubin and absence of hemoglobin. Darker yellow in the cases of high bilirubin counts

Blood volume formula

BV= 8-10% of bodyweight BV=plasma volume/1-hematocrit

Blood pH

7.4

Venous blood pH

7.2-7.3, because more co2 is present (more acidic)

Leukocytes are classified into ______

Agranular or Granular wbcs

Which WBC is most prevelant in dogs, cats, & horses?

Neutrophils

Which WBC is most prevalent in goats, sheep, & cows?

Lymphocytes

Leukocytosis

increase in leukocyte numbers, usually in bacterial infections.

Leukopenia

decrease in leukocyte numbers, early stages of viral infections.

Leukemia

cancer of wbcs (leukocytosis 2.0)

Methemoglobin

ferrous iron of heme is oxidized, and therefore o2 transport stops

Monoxyhemoglobin

carbon monoxide occupies where o2 would be

myoglobin

hemoglobin of muscle, only carries 1 o2 instead of 4

Production of erythrocytes

Erythropoeisis

Average concentration of hemoglobin in domestic animals

12 g/dL

Where does RBC production occur during different life stages?

prenatal: liver, spleen, bone marrow postnatal: exclusively bone marrow

Reticulocytes relate to the lifespan of erythrocytes because:

Reticulocytes are young red blood cells which develop from erythroblasts and circulate in the bloodstream for about 1–4 days before maturing into erythrocytes.

What substance controls erythropoiesis? Where?

-tissue need for o2 -bone marrow

MCV

Mean corpuscular volume

MCH

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Define anemia

-blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells -not enough o2 rich blood

Define polycythemia

an increase in the absolute red blood cell (RBC) mass in the body

Sequence of events from vascular injury > normal

1. Damage, vasoconstriction, adhesion 2. platelet recruitment/aggregation, initiation of fibrin formation, primary hemostatic plug 3. fibrin reinforcement, thrombus formation 4. clot retraction 5. endothelial repair

Principal component of clotting factors

Proteins

Major sites of protein synthesis

liver, plasma, vascular endothelium

Vitamin required for coagulation

Vitamin K

Chemical element required for hemostatic rxns

Ca2+

Substance in basement membrane of capillaries

collagen

First response of platelets to disrupted endothelium

adhesion to surface

What is the 'spark' for coagulation

Tissue factor

When does the extrinsic system kick in

at III

When do the extrinsic/intrinsic system meet?

What are the 4 key reactions involved in formatting a clot?

1. Activation of IX 2. Activation of X 3. Formation of thrombin 4. Fibrin formation

Significance of factor XIII

Final step of blood coagulation

Minute range for capillary coagulation tube method

2-5 mins

Why would low platelet count associate w/ delayed coagulation?

Because platelets supply various factors to coagulation to form plugs

How is dicoumarol associated w/ coagulation defects?

It interferes with utilization of vitamin K & prothrombin production

Why would liver disease cause coagulation defects?

it plays a central role in clotting, issues with the liver create issues with inhibitor factors.

how is vWF associated w/ coagulation defects?

platelet aggregates are poorly lodged and have a greater chance of being removed. (von Wilebrand disease)

Why does blood drawn from birds coagulate differently?

the lack of IX activation pathway

Blood stuff Flashcards

(72 cards)