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Human Phiology Y4 > Blood System(1) > Flashcards

Blood System(1) Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What does blood transport around the body?

A

Nutrients, gases, hormones & cells

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2
Q

What is the type of transport blood performs called?

A

Mass transport - vehicle of long distance

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3
Q

What does blood maintain?

A

Homeostasis of osmotic pressure, temperature & pH

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4
Q

What are some of the system’s blood is part of?

A

Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Immune
Etc

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5
Q

3 main functions of blood

A

Protection
Regulation
Transportation

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6
Q

What does blood protect?

A

Protects against blood loss and infections by clotting and immune system

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7
Q

Define hematocrit

A

Packed cell volume of blood - the rest is plasma

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8
Q

What are the hematocrits for women and men?

A

Women 42%
Men 45%

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9
Q

What % of total body weight is blood?

A

8%

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10
Q

What is the buffy coat and what % of blood is it?

A

Platelets and leukocytes = less than 1% of blood

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11
Q

What is 55-58% of blood?

A

Plama

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12
Q

Where is blood taken from?

A

Veins

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13
Q

What is serum?

A

Liquid from coagulated blood

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14
Q

What treatments are important for people with leukemia & dengue?

A

Platelets important for coagulation

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15
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

90% water that have dissolved substances
6% plasma proteins

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16
Q

What is dissolved in plasma?

A

Inorganic solutes
Organic constituents = mostly plasma proteins
Other organic substances = water products, dissolved gases & hormones

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17
Q

Name 3 plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fribrinogen

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18
Q

What is the role of plasma proteins?

A

Carry out the functions of plasma

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19
Q

What is the role of albumin?

A

Carrier of lipid soluble substances
Maintain osmotic pressure = when increased vascular permeability, albumin comes out and water comes out

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20
Q

What is the role of globulins?

A

Alpha & beta = transport water insoluble substances incl clotting factors
Gamma = antibodies

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21
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

Inactive precursor of fibrin

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22
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

Megakaryocytes are a special type of bone marrow cells that give rise to thrombocytes (platelets)

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23
Q

Name polymorphonuclear cells

A

Neutrophils & eosinophils

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24
Q

Name mononuclear cells

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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25
What are the RBC maturation stages?
Pluripotent stem cell Myeloid stem cell = partially differentiated Erythroblast = nucleated Reticulocyte = no nucleus but organelles Erythrocyte = mature RBC (lots of Hb)
26
Name key erythrocyte enzymes
Glycolytic enzyme Carbonic anhydrase
27
What type of enzymes remain in a mature erythrocyte?
Non-renewable enzymes
28
What features does a erythrocyte have?
Flat shape = large SA for diffusion Flexible membrane = squeeze through capillaries Haemaglobin content suited for O2 transport
29
Describe haemaglobin structure
Haem group = pigment Globin group = 4 polypeptide chains (2α2β) Each globin chain binds 1 haem group Each haem group has iron, which binds O2
30
Describe the binding of oxygen to iron
Binding is loose and reversible = depends on the partial pressure of oxygen Change in pH can shift the binding affinity of oxygen to haem
31
What happens when blood pO2 increases?
More HbO2 When blood pO2 decreases = O2 released from HbO2
32
When does Hb pick up CO2?
When partial pressure of CO2 increases in systemic tissues
33
What is it called when CO2 binds Hb?
Carbamino Hb
34
Where is CO2 binding site on haemaglobin?
Different binding site to oxygen Instead binds to globin not iron
35
What form is 70% of carbon dioxide transported as?
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
36
Why do RBCs have short life spans?
No nucleus so no DNA/RNA = cannot synthesize new proteins or divide
37
What is erythropoiesis?
Generation of new RBCs in bone marrow Erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow
38
Where do old RBC die?
Spleen (network of capillaries)
39
How does the body know to increase erythropoiesis?
Reduced oxygen delivery to kidney stimulates kidney to secrete erythropoietin into the blood. EPO stimulates erythropoiesis by red bone marrow More circulating RBCs increase O2-carrying capacity Increased O2-carrying capacity relieves initial stimulus that triggered EPO secretion
40
What happens when there is hemmorhage or blood loss?
Reticulocyte levels increase = peaks at 4-7 days after 1st episode of blood loss
41
How long after blood loss do reticulocyte levels become normal?
2 weeks
42
What happens if there is a second blood loss episode within 5 days?
Reticulocytes remain high
43
What is the normal level of reticulocytes?
0.5% - 2.5%
44
What is EPOGEN and its functions?
Epogen = recombinant EPO (synthetic) Used to boost RBC production in patients with suppressed eythropoietic activity
45
Examples of when to use Epogen
Surgery Chemotherapy for leukemias which affect RBC production and function Dialysis patients Doping
46
What breaksdown Hb?
Aged and damaged RBCs are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow Hb broken down into Heme and Globin
47
What happens to globin when it is broken down?
Globin protein is broken down into amino acids, which are taken up into the blood
48
What happens to heme when it is broken down?
Iron is stored as ferritin, bound to transferritin & released from liver into the blood for erythropoisis Billirubin is taken up from blood by liver, secreted into intestine in bile & metabolized into stercobilin by bacteria > excreted by feces
49
Where do food nutrients needed for erythropoiesis go?
They are taken up into the blood from intestine Examples: iron, Vit B12, protein & folic acid
50
Why do babies get jaundice?
Their liver is not developed enough to remove the bilirubin from the blood
51
Define anemia
Reduction below normal capacity of blood to carry oxygen Due to reduction of RBC and/or reduction of Hb function
52
Anemia symptoms?
Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism leading to: Fatigue = not enough O2 to tissues Paleness Shortness of breath = low O2 Chills
53
What is the opposite of anemia called?
Polycythemia = too many RBCs & elevated hematocrit
54
What causes primary polycythemia?
Vera (genetic) causes bone marrow to produce more precursor blood cells leading to increased RBC production (myeloproliferative cancer)
55
What causes secondary polycythemia?
High altitude = low O2 Obstructive sleep apnea = low O2 causing more EPO Other heart/lung diseases which cause low O2
56
What happens to hematocrit in dehydration?
Lower plasma levels so hematocrit is a higher percentage
57
Describe thin vs thick blood
Anemia has less RBCs so less viscous = less platelets so more bruising Polycythemia has more RBCs so higher blood pressure and more blood clots = more viscous
58
What are the groups of leukoctyes?
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes Mononuclear agranulocytes
59
Roles of the lymphocytes
Neurtorphils = engulf and destory bacterial intracellularly Eosinophils = associated with allergic conditions & parasite infection Basophils = synthesize & store histamine and heparin Monocytes = phagocytosis Lymphocytes provide specific immune defense
60
What controls rate of granulocyte production?
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (GCSF) Stimulates increased replication & release of granulocytes - esp neutrophils from bone marrow Leukocytes are produced at varying rates depending on the body's changing needs

Human Phiology Y4 (11 decks)

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