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Biology Leaving Cert > Blood, The Heart and Blood Vessels, The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Blood, The Heart and Blood Vessels, The Lymphatic System Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

blood pressure

A

the force of blood exerted against the wall of the artery

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2
Q

high pressure in arteries

A

heart pumping blood through arteries creating higher pressure

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3
Q

low pressure in arteries

A

blood returning to heart, not being pumped directly by the heart so less pressure

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4
Q

pulse

A

the expansion and contraction of the arteries due to the pumping action of the heart

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5
Q

portal system

A

a system that begins and ends in capillaries

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6
Q

diastole

A

heart chambers relax

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7
Q

systole

A

heart chambers contract

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8
Q

components of blood

A

plasma
red blood cells (corpuscles)
white blood cells (leucocytes)
platelets

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9
Q

plasma

A

liquid part of blood

composition: water, proteins, antibodies, clotting proteins
function: transports dissolved substances (oxygen and lungs) and heat

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10
Q

serum

A

plasma with no clotting proteins

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11
Q

red blood cells

A

production site: bone marrow eg ribs
structure: shape is biconcave discs - large surface area for oxygen exchange, shape is flexible for movement through capillaries
life span: 4 months
function: transport oxygen, haemoglobin converts to oxyhaemoglobin at the lungs when it picks up oxygen

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12
Q

when RBCs die

A

broken down in liver
iron from haemoglobin stored in liver
the rest turned into bile pigments bilirubin and biliverdin

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13
Q

white blood cells

A

production site: formed in bone marrow and some mature in spleen
structure: nucleus present, no definite shape
less numerous than RBCs
function: defend against disease by killing pathogens

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14
Q

platelets

A

production site: made in bone marrow

structure: cell fragments, no nucleus
function: forms blood clots (reduce blood loss)

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15
Q

blood type

A

determined by inherited genes
4 main groups depending on antigen types in RBCs
A , AB, B, O

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16
Q

rhesus factor significance during pregnancy

A

mother’s blood may make antibodies against babies blood if types are incompatible

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17
Q

blood disorders

A

anemia

haemophilia

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18
Q

anemia

A 
abnormally low haemoglobin
causes: 
decreased number of RBCs
decreased amount of haemoglobin
treatment: iron supplements
inherited form: sickle cell anemia
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19
Q

haemophilia

A

the body cannot control it’s ability to clot blood
cause:
inherited (sex linked)
treatment: regular infusion (injecting) of blood clotting factor

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20
Q

open circulatory system

A

heart pumps blood into vessels that are open ended

eg insects, crabs, snails

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21
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels
eg humans, caterpillars

advantages:

  • blood is pumped faster, cells receive nutrients (glucose, o2) faster
  • blood flow to different organs can be changed eg increased blood flow to legs when running
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22
Q

single circulation

A

blood pumps through the heart once

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23
Q

double circulation

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A

two circuits:

pulmonary: heart-lungs-heart
systemic: heart-body-heart

advantages:

  • keeps oxygenated blood separated from deoxygenated blood
  • keeps blood pressure high enough to reach all parts of the body
24
Q

portal system example

Study These Flashcards
A

hepatic portal vein
connects the stomach and intestines with the liver
only vein that is not connected directly to the heart

25
blood vessels
arteries veins capillaries
26
arteries
functional difference: pumps blood away from heart carry oxygenated blood structural differences: thick wall- to withstand great pressure narrow lumen no valves- under greater pressure from heart, no need to prevent backflow
27
veins
functional difference: pumps blood toward heart carry deoxygenated blood how carries out its function: skeletal muscles contract, squeezing blood through structural differences: thin wall- under less pressure wide lumen valves present, prevent backflow
28
capillaries
functional difference: connect arteries and veins allows substances to diffuse easily into body cells structural differences: walls only one cell thick- allows easier diffusion of substances from blood to body cells tiny lumen permeable
29
the heart
location: between the lungs, slightly to the left side of the thorax, above the diaphragm function: to pump blood around the body through contraction of cardiac muscle structure: the heart wall is made of cardiac muscle (does not fatigue)
30
contractile tissue
can shorten or contract to pump blood
31
coronary arteries
location: near the semi lunar valves at the aorta function: supplies heart muscle with blood
32
coronary vein
removes blood from heart muscle
33
tricuspid valve location and function
between right atrium and right ventricle prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle into right atrium
34
bicuspid valve location and function
between left atrium and left ventricle prevents back flow of blood from left ventricle into left atrium
35
semilunar valve location and function
in the aorta and pulmonary artery prevents backflow of blood into the right and left ventricles
36
lub dub sound of the heart beat is
valves closing
37
pacemaker
controls heartbeat | located in the wall at top of right atrium
38
what controls the rate of heartbeat
brain
39
cardiac cycle
two pacemakers 1. sinoatrial node (SA) located in wall of right atrium role is to generate impulses to cause contraction in the atria 2. Atrioventricular node (AV) located in septum near tricuspid valve between right atrium and left ventricle role is to generate impulses to cause contraction in the ventricles
40
role of SA and AV nodes
generates impulse to cause heart muscles to contract
41
step 1 of heart beat: atrial and ventricular diastole
blood enters atria | all chambers are relaxed
42
step 2 of heart beat: atrial systole
electrical impulses sent from SA node, cause atria to contract blood moves to ventricles impulse reaches AV node
43
step 3 of heart beat: ventricular systole
``` AV node sends impulse to ventricles atria relax ventricles contract semi lunar valves open blood moves into the pulmonary artery and aorta ventricles relax semi lunar valves close ``` cycle repeats
44
negative factors that affect the circulatory system
smoking: - nicotine increases heart rate and pressure - carbon monoxide reduces o2 in blood diet: - salt increases blood pressure - fats are high in cholesterol, block arteries
45
positive factors that affect the circulatory system
exercise: - strengthens the heart, increases circulation - increases the ability to transport oxygen, provides increased energy levels
46
differences between circulatory and lymphatic system
lymph: no RBCs, colourless fluid, less wastes and nutrients blood: RBCs, red fluid, more wastes and nutrients
47
similarities between circulatory and lymphatic system
tissue fluid produced by plasmid | filtered lymph returns to plasma through capillaries
48
lymph vessels vs arteries
vessels: valves transport lymph arteries: no valves transport blood
49
function of lymphatic system
returns excess tissue fluid from cells to the bloodstream
50
origin of lymphatic system
- pressure in arteries can force plasma out of capillaries - some plasma that does not return becomes tissue fluid, surrounds cells - this enters the lymphatic system and becomes lymphs
51
structure of lymphatic system
lymph vessels lymph nodes lymph
52
lymph nodes
structure: swellings in lymph vessels location: digestive system, groin, armpits, neck function: filter out any harmful particles from lymph
53
lymphatic system functions
1. collect tissue fluid and return it to the blood system at the subclavian vein 2. fight infection by: - filtering out micro organisms in l nodes - destroying micro organisms by antibody production - mature and store lymphocytes 3. absorbs fat from the small intestine
54
how fat is absorbed from the small intestine
1. fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteal 2. re-from into fats 3. diffuse to bloodstream through blood vessels
55
white blood cell types
lymphocyte- engulf and digest pathogens | monocyte- become macrophages and directly engulf and digest pathogens

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