``` ii No antigens Antibodies A & B Receive from O Donate to all ```

Blood Unit 8 Flashcards by Katie Hostetter

Blood is the…

Integral part of the cardiovascular system.

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Functions

Transportation
Regulation of pH and osmosis 
Clot formation 
Protection 
Temp homeostasis

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Components

Heart

Vessels: capillaries, arteries, veins

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Blood is one of two

Fluid connective tissues.

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Average of liters

5.3

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Components of whole blood

Hematocrit (formed elements)

2. Liquid Matrix (plasma)

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Hematocrit

% of whole blood contributed by FORMED ELEMENTS
45%
RBC & WBC

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Liquid matrix

55%
Water-92%
Proteins-7%
Electrolytes-1%

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Erythrocytes

Most abundant blood cells
99.9% of formed elements 
Upon maturity= lose organelles 
Life span= 120 days 
1 cell=280 million hemoglobin molecules
        *binds to O2 &amp; CO2

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Red blood count (standard test)

Males: 5-4 mil. RBCs/1uL or mm3
Female: 4-9 mil.
One drop: 260 mil. RBCs

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Hemoglobin

4 protein chains

That can carry small amount of CO2

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Heme consists of

Iron: O2 binds to->
Biliverdin: stabilizes iron

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Antigens

Molecules that cause immune reactions
Exist on cell surface
Serve as cell recognition markers

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Antibodies

Proteins called immunoglobulins
Produced by plasma cells
Attach or bind to specific antigens

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ABO Group controlled by three alleles

Ia: antigen A
Ib: antigen B
i: no antigen

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Blood type A

Alleles: IaIa or Iai
Antibody B (in plasma)
Receive from RBCs from A and O
Donate RBCs to A and AB

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Blood type B

IbIb or Ibi
Antibody A
Receive from RBCs from B and O
Donate RBCs to B & AB

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Blood type AB

IaIb
No antibody
Receive from RBCs from all types
donate to AB

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Blood type O

ii
No antigens 
Antibodies A &amp; B 
Receive from O
Donate to all

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Rhesus (Rh) factor: Rhesus (D) antigen is found

On the surface if RBCs

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Rh + individuals

Carry the antigen

Have no Rh antibodies

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Rh -

Do not carry antigen
Naturally: don’t have Rh antibody
Once exposed to Rh antigen, Rh antibodies may develop
= problem for pregnancies of Rh- mothers

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Erythropoeisis

Formation of erythrocytes

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Erythropoeisis begins in the..

Fetus:
Blood vessels 
Umbilical cord 
Liver &amp; spleen 
Bone marrow (Myeloid tissue)

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Erythropoeisis stages

Myeloid stem cell Erythroblasts Reticulocyte

Erythroblasts

Multiplies Actively produces Hb Ejects organelles including nucleus to become Reticulocyte

Reticulocyte

Shrinks in size Enters bloodstream After 24-48 hrs in circulation= mature RBC

Erythropoeisis regulated by:

Erythropoietin (EPO): Stimulates Erythropoeisis Shortens time of maturation

Erythropoeisis influences by:

``` Hypoxia Nutrition High altitude Damage to lung tissue Poor health ```

Conditions associated w/ Erythropoeisis

Anemia & polycythemia

Pernicious anemia

Deficiency of intrinsic factor

Aplastic anemia

Destruction to myeloid tissue

Polycythemia

Elevated formed elements (mainly erythrocytes)

Hemorrhagic anemia

Blood loss

Hemolytic anemia

Destruction of erythrocytes

Cardiovascular system includes

Fluid (blood): 75 trillion cells Series of conducting hoses (blood vessels) Pump (heart)

RBCs lose

Elasticity

Break down of RBC within the

Spleen

Cell fragments are

Phagocytosed

Degradation of hemoglobin into

Globin molecule | Heme molecule

Decomposition of heme into

Iron | Biliverdin

Conversion of biliverdin to

Bilirubin

Conversion to bilirubin to

Bile (stored in gall bladder)

Conversion to

Urobilinogen

Leukocytes

WBCs Include: Agranulocytes Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Monocytes | Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

T cells B cells NK cells

Granulocytes

Basophils Neutrophils Eosinophils

Leukopoiesis

Formation of Leukocytes that occur in the bone marrow

Hemocytoblast forms 2 cell lines

1. Myeloid Stem Cells | 2. Lymphoid Stem Cells

Myeloid stem cells

Give rise to 3 granulocytes | Give rise to monocytes

Lymphoid stem cells

Give rise to lymphocytes

Thromobopoiesis

Formation of platelets 2nd to RBCs in numbers Occurs in bone marrow through myeloid stem cells MSC>megakaryocytes>platelets

Platelets are

Cell fragments of larger cells known as megakaryocytes Some move to lungs &produce platelets

Conditions associated with leukopoiesis

Leukopenia Leukocytosis Leukemia

Leukopenia

Low levels of WBCs

Leukocytosis

High levels of WBCs

Leukemia

Cancer of hemopoietic tissue

Hemostasis is the way the body..

Stops vascular bleeding

Hemostasis involves 3 stages

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation

Vascular spasm

Quick immediate response (reflex action) Damaged blood vessels constrict on either end of the cut Short lived

Platelet plug formation

Platelets begin to stick to damaged endothelial membrane Congregate into the platelet plug Seals the "hole"

Coagulation

Soluble fibrinogen converted into insoluble fibrin | Involves 2 pathways leading to coagulation

2 pathways of coag.

1. Extrinsic | 2. Intrinsic

Extrinsic pathway

Involves perivascular tissue Extrinsic Factors w/ involving blood Contribute to initiating the coag. Phase

Intrinsic pathway

Activated when blood encounters exposed collagen fibers Intrinsic factors from blood itself Contribute to coag. Phase

Both pathways

Converge to initiate common pathway | Activate factor X

Common pathway

Factor X combine w/ Ca etc form enzyme

Common pathway enzyme activates

Prothrombin into Thrombin

Thrombin then modifies

Soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

Fibrin then forms

Mesh like frame work that allows platelets and blood cells to stick to it = beginning blood clot

A clot retraction forms

As platelets contract

Blood Unit 8 Flashcards

(72 cards)